Although there were several competing theories as to the etiology of the Black Death, recent analysis of DNA from victims in northern and southern Europe indicates that the pathogen responsible was the Yersinia pestis bacterium, which causes the Bubonic plague, although these were different, previously unknown ancestral variants of those identified in the 20th century.

Although Celera was originally set to sequence a composite of DNA samples, partway through the sequencing, Venter switched the samples for his own DNA.

Although each individual repeating unit is very small, DNA polymers can be very large molecules containing millions of nucleotides.

Although Group VII viruses such as hepatitis B contain a DNA genome, they are not considered DNA viruses according to the Baltimore classification, but rather reverse transcribing viruses because they replicate through an RNA intermediate.

Although bacteriophages were first described in 1927, it was only in 1959 that Sinshemer working with phage Phi X 174 showed that they could possess single stranded DNA genomes.

Although the results were not conclusive, and Hershey and Chase were cautious in their interpretation, previous, contemporaneous and subsequent discoveries all served to prove that DNA is the hereditary material.

Although most of a cell's DNA is contained in the cell nucleus, the mitochondrion has its own independent genome.

Although this appears a challenging problem given current resources, many tools will be available to help future researchers: Moore's Law predicts further increases in computer power, semiconductor fabrication techniques continue to approach the nanoscale, and researchers grow ever more skilled at using proteins, ribosomes and DNA to perform novel chemistry.

Although most commonly used to depict geography, maps may represent any space, real or imagined, without regard to context or scale ; e. g. brain mapping, DNA mapping, and extraterrestrial mapping.

Although nucleosomes tend to prefer some DNA sequences over others, they are capable of binding practically to any sequence, which is thought to be due to the flexibility in the formation of these water-mediated interactions.

Although the nucleosome is a very stable protein-DNA complex, it is not static and has been shown to undergo a number of different structural re-arrangements including nucleosome sliding and DNA site exposure.

Although now largely obsolete due to the rise of inexpensive DNA sequencing technologies, RFLP analysis was the first DNA profiling technique inexpensive enough to see widespread application.

Although the human genome has been completely read by DNA sequencing, it is not yet fully understood.

Although 99. 9 % of human DNA sequences are the same in every person, enough of the DNA is different to distinguish one individual from another, unless they are monozygotic twins.

Although polymorphisms can exist in the restriction enzyme cleavage sites, more commonly the enzymes and DNA probes were used to analyze VNTR loci.

Although traditionally such cladograms were generated largely on the basis of morphological characters, DNA and RNA sequencing data and computational phylogenetics are now very commonly used in the generation of cladograms.

Although most of its genome can be characterized as euchromatin, S. cerevisiae has regions of DNA that are transcribed very poorly.

Although the replication and transcription of DNA is highly standardized in eukaryotes, the same cannot be said for their karotypes, which are highly variable between species in chromosome number and in detailed organization despite being constructed out of the same macromolecules.

Although Viscaceae and Eremolepidaceae were placed in a broadly-defined Santalaceae by Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II, DNA data indicates that they evolved independently.

Although the Eradicator's effects ( altering the DNA of all Kryptonian life-forms so that they would instantly die upon leaving the planet ) were felt immediately, the Destroyer's effects were possibly more significant: By the time the Kryptonian government admitted defeat and abolished the clone banks, a pro-clone rights terrorist faction known as Black Zero had started the Destroyer, a device which functioned as a giant nuclear gun, projecting massive streams of nuclear energy into the core of Krypton, intended to trigger an explosive chain reaction within Krypton's core almost immediately.

Although many gelatin desserts incorporate fruit, some fresh fruits contain proteolytic enzymes ; these enzymes cut the gelatin molecule into peptides ( protein fragments ) too small to form a firm gel.

Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, almost all aerobic organisms carry out oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP, the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism.

Although the mathematical basis of quantum chemistry had been laid by Schrödinger in 1926, it is generally accepted that the first true calculation in quantum chemistry was that of the German physicists Walter Heitler and Fritz London on the hydrogen ( H < sub > 2 </ sub >) molecule in 1927.

Although the bond dissociation energy D for a carbon-carbon single bond is relatively high ( about 375 kJ / mol ) and cracking is highly endothermic, the large positive entropy change resulting from the fragmentation of one large molecule into several smaller pieces, together with the extremely high temperature, makes T ∆ S ° term larger than the ∆ H ° term, thereby favoring the cracking reaction.

Although in MO theory some molecular orbitals may hold electrons that are more localized between specific pairs of molecular atoms, other orbitals may hold electrons that are spread more uniformly over the molecule.

Although steric hindrance is sometimes a problem ( it prevents S < sub > N </ sub > 2 reactions with tertiary substrates from taking place ), it can also be a very useful tool, and is often exploited by chemists to change the reactivity pattern of a molecule by stopping unwanted side-reactions ( steric protection ) or by leading to a preference for one stereochemical reaction course as in diastereoselectivity.

Although fimbrin's involvement in processes like these as well as its role in assembly and regulation of microfilament networks are well documented, there are fewer experimental data describing the overall domain organization of the molecule.

Although the classical molecules of the adaptive immune system ( e. g. antibodies and T cell receptors ) exist only in jawed vertebrates, a distinct lymphocyte-derived molecule has been discovered in primitive jawless vertebrates, such as the lamprey and hagfish.

Although this particular case may not be common, it is fairly easy for an electron generated in another molecule to hit a hole left behind in a previous photoexcitation.

Although this molecule possesses two π-bonds in very close vicinity, in essence these act as isolated double bonds.

Although a complete picture cannot be given, we can indicate some aspects of life into which the Christian faith entered as at least one creative factor.

Although the fatty protein molecules, carried in the blood and partly composed of cholesterol, are water soluble, cholesterol itself is insoluble, and cannot be destroyed by the body.

Although BCD is not as widely used as in the past, decimal fixed-point and floating-point formats are still important and continue to be used in financial, commercial, and industrial computing, where subtle conversion and rounding errors that are inherent to floating point binary representations cannot be tolerated.

Although a bee sting can be deadly to those with allergies, virtually all bee species are non-aggressive if undisturbed and many cannot sting at all.

Although water is vital for life, the structure of this water in the cytosol is not well understood, mostly because methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance only give information on the average structure of water, and cannot measure local variations at the microscopic scale.

Although the date of his birth is nowhere recorded, Constantine II cannot have been born any later than the year after his father's death, that is 879.

Although the Ann McKim was the first large clipper ship ever constructed, it cannot be said that she founded the clipper ship era, or even that she directly influenced shipbuilders, since no other ship was built like her ; but she may have suggested the clipper design in vessels of ship rig.

In July 2007, new forensic evidence was presented in the case and a status report jointly issued by the State and the Defense team stated, " Although most of the genetic material recovered from the scene was attributable to the victims of the offenses, some of it cannot be attributed to either the victims or the defendants.

Although the characters ' voices are recorded in a studio, ADR is necessary whenever members of the cast cannot all be present at once.

Although siblinghood is symmetric ( if A is a sibling of B, then B is a sibling of A ) and transitive on any 3 distinct people ( if A is a sibling of B and C is a sibling of B, then A is a sibling of C, provided A is not C ( Note that " is a sibling of " is NOT a transitive relation, since A R B, and B R A implies A R A by transitivity )), it is not reflexive ( A cannot be a sibling of A ).

Although these experiments cannot detect individual gravitons, they might provide information about certain properties of the graviton.

Although the presence of either quicklime or saltpeter in the mixture cannot be entirely excluded, they were consequently not the primary ingredient.

Although identity between the Atlantic and Pacific populations cannot be proven by anatomical data, its skeleton is distinctive and easy to distinguish from that of all other living whales.

Although current pumps can include a glucose sensor, and they cannot automatically respond to meals or to rising or falling glucose levels.

Although they accept that some complex systems and organs can be explained by evolution, they claim that organs and biological features which are irreducibly complex cannot be explained by current models, and that an intelligent designer must have created life or guided its evolution.

Although many have linked one's social origins and educational attainment to life chances and opportunities, education cannot serve as the most influential predictor of economic mobility.

Although there is no obvious restriction that any given regular polygon cannot be a face of a Johnson solid, it turns out that the faces of Johnson solids always have 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, or 10 sides.

Although there is no doubt that most ( but not all ) of the later copies of the Antiquities contained references to Jesus and John the Baptist, it cannot be definitively shown that these were original to Josephus writings, and were not instead added later by Christian interpolators.

Although the kidney cannot directly sense blood, long-term regulation of blood pressure predominantly depends upon the kidney.

Although humans and other mammals use various biosynthetic pathways to both break down and synthesize lipids, some essential lipids cannot be made this way and must be obtained from the diet.

Although the memory manager can recover unreachable memory, it cannot free memory that is still reachable and therefore potentially still useful.

:" Although theoretical calculations can be made today, the eventually attainable range of chemical reaction cycles, error rates, speed of operation, and thermodynamic efficiencies of such bottom-up manufacturing systems cannot be reliably predicted at this time.

Although Ueshiba eventually distanced himself from both these teachers, their effect on him and his art cannot be overstated.

Although these postulates cannot be applied in all cases, they do retain historical importance to the development of scientific thought and are still being used today.