Although the range and precise application of defenses varies between jurisdictions, the following represents a list of the defenses that may apply to all levels of assault:

Although it is generally agreed, based on the saga descriptions, that Helluland includes Baffin Island, and Markland represents at least the southern part of the modern Labrador, there has been considerable controversy over the location of the actual Norse landings and settlement.

Although Dirac did not at first fully appreciate what his own equation was telling him, his resolute faith in the logic of mathematics as a means to physical reasoning, his explanation of spin as a consequence of the union of quantum mechanics and relativity, and the eventual discovery of the positron, represents one of the great triumphs of theoretical physics, fully on a par with the work of Newton, Maxwell, and Einstein before him.

Although not recognized as such by Dirac at the time the equation was formulated, in hindsight the introduction of this geometric algebra represents an enormous stride forward in the development of quantum theory.

Although S < sub > φ </ sub >( f ) is a one-sided function, it represents " the double-sideband spectral density of phase fluctuation ".

Although the deployment of nuclear weapons from aircraft falls into the category of strategic bombing, and likely represents the ultimate form of both strategic and terror bombing, the term strategic bombing is generally used in reference to the release of non-nuclear air-ground ordnance from strategic aircraft.

Although this concept of the circulatory system is greatly flawed, it represents one of the earliest accounts of scientific thought.

Although she represents Mercy, Compassion and Healing, her powers seem to include growth, as she was instrumental, together with Yavanna, in making the Two Trees, and healing their wounds from the poison of Ungoliant.

Although the field was not formalized until the 20th century, it is thought that the work of Hero, his automated devices in particular, represents some of the first formal research into cybernetics.

Although Livy was writing at a time when Augustus cloaked religious innovation under appeals to old-fashioned piety and traditionalism, archaic aspects of the prayer suggest that it represents a traditional formulary as might be preserved in the official pontifical books.

Although it virtually always represents a loss, VaR is conventionally reported as a positive number.

Although it represents all media, and painters have also won the prize, it has become associated primarily with conceptual art.

Although the knowledge of casting soft metals in moulds was well established before Johannes Gutenberg's time, his discovery of an alloy that was hard, durable, and would take a clear impression from the mould ( because it did not shrink as much as lead alone when cooled ) represents a fundamental aspect of his solution to the problem of printing with movable type.

Although a negotiator's alternative options should, in theory, be straightforward to evaluate, the effort to understand which alternative represents a party's BATNA is often not invested.

Although intended to be usable at text sizes, it represents the early period of the designer's career when interletter spacing was yet to be conquered, so has found use primarily in advertising.

Although it has long been supposed that nothing is recorded of Jane's appearance ( and there is no surviving portrait that can be identified as her ), her biographer Julia Fox ( Jane Boleyn: The True Story of the Infamous Lady Rochford ) suggests that there is a very remote chance that a Holbein likeness represents an extant likeness of Jane ( pp. 317 – 319 ).

Although the causes of schizoaffective disorder are unknown, it is suspected that this diagnosis represents a heterogeneous group of individuals, some with aberrant forms of schizophrenia and some with very serious forms of mood disorders.

Although poetry continued to be written, and certain poets rose in prominence while others disappeared from the landscape, the brief Sui Dynasty ( 581-618 CE ), in terms of the development of Chinese poetry, lacks distinction, though it nonetheless represents a continuity between the Six Dynasties and the poetry of Tang.

" He concluded, " Although Love's Labour's Lost does not score the kind of complete success that Branagh has achieved with his other Shakespeare adaptations, it is a welcome addition, not only because it represents the first time the play has been brought to the screen, but because it shows the lengths to which the director is willing to stretch the envelope.

Although the rear is not physically attached, it sits just above the serpent's tail and also represents blood ”.

Although Frescobaldi was influenced by numerous earlier composers such as the Neapolitans Ascanio Mayone and Giovanni Maria Trabaci and the Venetian Claudio Merulo, his music represents much more than a summary of its influences.

Although Fox is a Fourth Dimensionist, his group represents the more humanitarian version of the Dimension threesome.

Although Althusser's Marxist philosophy may repel many people today, his criticisms of the notion of a " neutral science ", which followed the Frankfurt School's criticisms of scientific and technical progress, and his conception of a cumulative although discontinuous " progress " of philosophy represents one of the toughest attempts to conceive a cumulative progress of sciences and philosophy ( both subsumed under the term of " theory ") without falling into a plain scientist optimism about a " continuous and linear necessary progress ".

" Although outwardly polite and gracious, he represents a dangerous hidden agenda.

Although much of the Industrial Division's promotional effort is devoted to securing new locations and expansions by major industries, small business is also afforded considerable attention.

Although the vocalists varied, a small number of musicians worked with the Alan Parsons Project regularly.

Although amaranth was cultivated on a large scale in ancient Mexico, Guatemala, and Peru, nowadays it is only cultivated on a small scale there, along with India, China, Nepal, and other tropical countries ; thus, there is potential for further cultivation in those countries, as well as in the U. S. In a 1977 article in Science, amaranth was described as " the crop of the future.

Although this is a relatively small value, it was well within the observational capability of the instruments available in the early eighteenth century.

Although agriculture is almost all in private hands, farms are small and inefficient, and the republic traditionally is a net importer of food.

Although very small amounts of berkelium were possibly produced in previous nuclear experiments, it was first intentionally synthesized, isolated and identified in December 1949 by Glenn T. Seaborg, Albert Ghiorso and Stanley G. Thompson.

Although this shift was an important one, it did not represent a radical break from the past so much as a small step in a broader, more gradual socio-economic movement that had been going on at least since 1907 when van de Velde had argued for a craft basis for design while Hermann Muthesius had begun implementing industrial prototypes.

Although the mingling motion of dust particles is caused largely by air currents, the glittering, tumbling motion of small dust particles is, indeed, caused chiefly by true Brownian dynamics.

Although Arab culture is firmly established throughout, a small minority are Christian.

Although the Terni is somewhat obstructed, it is believed that it could easily be made navigable for small craft.

Although they are the most well known for their small, piston-powered aircraft, they also produce business jets.

Although most of the instruments built before the 1730s were small ( four octaves, four feet long ), the latest instruments were built up to seven feet long with a six octave range.

Although a small adventure entitled ' Temple of the Frog ' was included in the Blackmoor rules supplement in 1975, the first stand-alone D & D module published by TSR was 1978's Steading of the Hill Giant Chief, written by Gygax.

Although each individual repeating unit is very small, DNA polymers can be very large molecules containing millions of nucleotides.

Although these kits may be small with respect to the number of drums used, the drums themselves are most often normal sizes, or even larger in the case of the bass drum.

Although this is possible, such an event has a small probability of occurring, making it unlikely.

Although Emsworth started as a small settlement it soon grew to be larger and more important.

Although the brain was small ( 410 cm³ ), its shape was rounded, unlike that of chimpanzees and gorillas, and more like a modern human brain.

In his history of the game, historian David Nelson concluded that the first forward passes were thrown on Christmas Day 1905 in a match between two small colleges in Kansas: " Although Cochems was the premier passing coach during the first year of the rule, the first forward passes were thrown at the end of the 1905 season in a game between Fairmount and Washburn colleges in Kansas.

Although individual buses are generally owned by individuals or small companies, the timetables, fares, and levels of service are set by Strandfaraskip Landsins and the government.

Although the theory of special relativity forbids objects to have a relative velocity greater than light speed, and general relativity reduces to special relativity in a local sense ( in small regions of spacetime where curvature is negligible ), general relativity does allow the space between distant objects to expand in such a way that they have a " recession velocity " which exceeds the speed of light, and it is thought that galaxies which are at a distance of more than about 14 billion light-years from us today have a recession velocity which is faster than light.

Although only a small number of soldiers died it was still a bad ending for a brilliantly fought campaign.

Although their range covers a small percentage of Africa, gorillas cover a wide range of elevations.

Gun ownership in Australia is not a wide social issue, and major political parties are generally supportive of pro-control legislation ( Although parties such as the New South Wales Shooters Party, which represent pro-deregulation, have a small number of seats in State Parliaments ).

Although largely supplanted by the Web in the years following, the Gopher protocol is still in use by enthusiasts, and a small population of actively maintained servers remains.