Although there were low levels of preexisting antibiotic-resistant bacteria before the widespread use of antibiotics, evolutionary pressure from their use has played a role in the development of muiltidrug resistance varieties and the spread of resistance between bacterial species.

Although Darwin discussed evolutionary ideas with him from 1842, Lyell continued to reject evolution in each of the first nine editions of the Principles.

Although Haeckel's ideas are important to the history of evolutionary theory, and he was a competent invertebrate anatomist most famous for his work on radiolaria, many speculative concepts that he championed are now considered incorrect.

Although Haeckel stressed comparative embryology and Gegenbaur promoted the comparison of adult structures, both believed that the two methods could work in conjunction to produce the goal of evolutionary morphology.

Although Müller did not specifically have an influence in advocating Haeckel's embryo drawings, both shared a common understanding of development from lower to higher forms, for Müller specifically saw humans as the last link in an endless chain of evolutionary development.

Although fear is one of the crucial evolutionary mechanisms for individual survival, in certain situations psychologically normal humans can behave without feeling fear, with a total neglect of potentially lethal risk.

Although a complete theory of evolution also requires an account of how genetic variation arises in the first place ( such as by mutation and sexual reproduction ) and includes other evolutionary mechanisms ( such as genetic drift and gene flow ), natural selection appears to be the most important mechanism for creating complex adaptations in nature.

Although arms and wings are, in the evolutionary sense, modified legs, four-limbed vertebrates are in fact classed as tetrapods, members of the taxonomic unit Tetrapoda.

Although the concept of population is central to ecology, evolutionary biology and conservation biology, most definitions of population rely on qualitative descriptions such as " a group of organisms of the same species occupying a particular space at a particular time " Waples and Gaggiotti identify two broad types of definitions for populations ; those that fall into an ecological paradigm, and those that fall into an evolutionary paradigm.

Although it draws heavily on symbiosis ideas first put forward by mid-19th century scientists and by Merezhkovsky ( 1905 ) and Ivan Wallin ( 1920 ) in the early-20th century, Margulis's endosymbiotic theory formulation is the first to rely on direct microbiological observations ( as opposed to paleontological or zoological observations which were previously the norm for new works in evolutionary biology ).

Although diatoms have both a marine and non-marine stratigraphic record, diatom biostratigraphy, which is based on time-constrained evolutionary originations and extinctions of unique taxa, is only well developed and widely applicable in marine systems.

Although no mass extinctions of marine diatoms have been observed during the Cenozoic, times of relatively rapid evolutionary turnover in marine diatom assemblages occurred near the Paleocene – Eocene boundary and at the Eocene – Oligocene boundary.

Although, the development is not claimed to be of the same random nature as is by evolutionary genetics.

Although phylogenetic trees produced on the basis of sequenced genes or genomic data in different species can provide evolutionary insight, they have important limitations.

Although much is known about karyotypes at the descriptive level, and it is clear that changes in karyotype organization has had effects on the evolutionary course of many species, it is quite unclear what the general significance might be.

Although the reality of epigenetic inheritance is not doubted ( as many experiments have validated it ), its significance to the evolutionary process is uncertain.

Although crocodilians were thought of as living fossils for many years, review of their fossil record in the last decade has shown that their snout morphology has been continuously changing throughout evolutionary history.

Although the evolutionary relationships between the Megapodiidae are especially uncertain, the morphological groups are clear:

Although this evolutionary model is now taken for granted, in William Beebe's time it was a novel idea.

Although they look similar to other ground-dwelling birds like quail and grouse, the characters they share are the result of convergence and plesiomorphy rather than shared evolutionary innovations.

Although this " atavistic resurgence " was very different to orthodox Darwinism, Spare greatly admired the evolutionary biologist Charles Darwin, and in later life paid a visit to the Kentish town of Downe, where Darwin had written his seminal text On the Origin of Species ( 1859 ).

Although its evolutionary relationships are not fully understood, the Ibisbill appears to be most closely related to a group including the oystercatchers, avocets, stilts and Pluvialis plovers, but sufficiently distinctive to merit its own family, Ibidorhynchidae.

Although there are few examples of such systems competitive with traditional analysis techniques, potential advantages include size / portability, speed, and cost.

Although the XM-291 does not immediately mean that ETC technology is viable at this current point in time it does offer an example that it is possible and that continued research in the area is worth the advantages reaped if such a system was to be successfully implemented on a modern tank.

Although seizing Viipuri offered major advantages, the lack of combat skills of his army and potential for a major counterattack by the enemy in the area or in the south-west made it too risky.

Although Indonesia continued to have the advantages of a large labor force, abundant natural resources and modern infrastructure, private investment in new projects largely ceased during the crisis.

Although, in this state, he deprives himself of some advantages which he got from nature, he gains in return others so great, his faculties are so stimulated and developed, his ideas so extended, his feelings so ennobled, and his whole soul so uplifted, that, did not the abuses of this new condition often degrade him below that which he left, he would be bound to bless continually the happy moment which took him from it for ever, and, instead of a stupid and unimaginative animal, made him an intelligent being and a man.

Although it was never able to match the number of ships of the Royal Navy, it had technological advantages, such as better shells and propellant for much of the Great War, meaning that it never lost a ship to a catastrophic magazine explosion from an above-water attack, although the elderly pre-dreadnought Pommern sank rapidly at Jutland after a magazine explosion caused by an underwater attack.

Although laparoscopy in adult age group is widely accepted, its advantages in pediatric age group is questioned.

Although social scientists such as Max Weber sought to understand and explain religion in terms of a cultural attribute, Richard Dawkins called for a re-analysis of religion in terms of the evolution of self-replicating ideas apart from any resulting biological advantages they might bestow.

Although lab studies have their advantages, they do have major drawbacks when studying emotions:

Although the advantages of the superhet design are overwhelming, we note a few drawbacks which need to be tackled in practice.

Although humans have established many types of societies throughout history, anthropologists tend to classify different societies according to the degree to which different groups within a society have unequal access to advantages such as resources, prestige, or power.

Although ESWL has been traditionally preferred by many practitioners for treating stones located in the upper ureter, more recent experience suggests ureteroscopic techniques offer distinct advantages in the treatment of upper ureteral stones.

Although the cave habitat generally offers a poor food supply, the advantages of the environment include extremely stable conditions, few competitors and few predators.

Although the original hand tool has a few advantages over the power tool equivalent and retains favour with some workers, since about 1960, it has all but been replaced by the modern spindle router, which was designed for the same work, although the first electric hand routers appeared in the years just after World War I.

Although registration is not required for legal protection, registration offers several advantages.

Although currently there is not much suggestion that such materials will in general replace metal rebar, some of them have major advantages in specific applications, and there also are new applications in which metal rebar simply is not an option.

Although an IPO offers many advantages, there are also significant disadvantages.

Although laparoscopy in adult age group is widely accepted, its advantages in pediatric age group is the same.

" Although Rapp expressed concern that the town's location lacked a waterworks, the area provided an opportunity for expansion and access to markets through the nearby rivers, causing him to remark, " In short, the place has all the advantages which one could wish, if a steam engine meanwhile supplies what is lacking.

Although his invention was fiercely opposed by the silk-weavers, who feared that its introduction, owing to the saving of labour, would deprive them of their livelihood, its advantages secured its general adoption, and by 1812 there were 11, 000 Jacquard looms in use in France.

Although the circular design held military advantages, these only really mattered in the 13th century onwards ; the origins of 12th-century circular design were the circular design of the mottes ; indeed, some designs were less than circular in order to accommodate irregular mottes, such as that at Windsor Castle.

Although those " hybrid " techniques are usually more common in telecommunications systems than in consumer audio, their existence alone blurs the distinctive line between certain digital and analog systems, at least for what regards some of their alleged advantages or disadvantages.

Although D ’ Arista and Schlesinger acknowledged the regulation of banks and the parallel banking system would end up only being “ comparable ,” their goal was to eliminate so far as possible the competitive advantages of the “ parallel ” or “ shadow ” banking market.

Although station wagons have declined in North America, they offer several advantages.