Henri Lefebvre in Metaphilosophie ( 1965 ) argued, from a marxian standpoint, in favor of an " ontological break ", as a necessary methodological approach for critical social theory ( whilst criticizing Louis Althusser's " epistemological break " with subjective marxism, which represented a fundamental theoretical tool for the school of marxist structuralism ).

In Lacan's psychoanalytic theory, for example, the structural order of " the Symbolic " is distinguished both from " the Real " and " the Imaginary "; similarly, in Althusser's Marxist theory, the structural order of the capitalist mode of production is distinct both from the actual, real agents involved in its relations and from the ideological forms in which those relations are understood.

Although Althusser's Marxist philosophy may repel many people today, his criticisms of the notion of a " neutral science ", which followed the Frankfurt School's criticisms of scientific and technical progress, and his conception of a cumulative although discontinuous " progress " of philosophy represents one of the toughest attempts to conceive a cumulative progress of sciences and philosophy ( both subsumed under the term of " theory ") without falling into a plain scientist optimism about a " continuous and linear necessary progress ".

" Unlike Althusser's concept of agents as " bearers " of structures, structuration theory sees them as active participants.

E. P. Thompson famously engaged Althusser in The Poverty of Theory, arguing that Althusser's theory overdetermined history, and left no space for historical revolt by the oppressed.

: I will argue that the whole of Althusser's theory is made up of the following elements: 1. common sense banalities expressed with the help of unnecessarily complicated neologisms ; 2. traditional Marxist concepts that are vague and ambiguous in Marx himself ( or in Engels ) and which remain, after Althusser's explanation, exactly as vague and ambiguous as they were before ; 3. some striking historical inexactitudes.

Althusser's part of the exchange is the article " Reply to John Lewis ".

Rancière contributed to the influential volume Reading Capital ( though his contribution is not contained in the partial English translation ) before publicly breaking with Althusser over his attitude toward the May 1968 student uprising in Paris ; Rancière felt Althusser's theoretical stance didn't leave enough room for spontaneous popular uprising.

Rowlinson invokes the Marxist theorist Louis Althusser's extension of the argument that ideology is ahistorical, finding that Tennyson's poem " comes before an ideological construction for which it nonetheless makes people nostalgic ".

Thus, for Althusser's reiterating of Marxist thought, overdetermination is what " determinant contradictions ", or capital-economic incongruities ( i. e., abstract labour resulting in " isolation " -- the class struggle ), which are analogous to Freud's " potent thoughts ", apply to instances that are more really, slight, understandable.

Of the Marxist Humanist's reliance on the 1844 Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts Althusser writes, " We do not publish our own drafts, that is, our own mistakes, but we do sometimes publish other people's " ( cited in Gregory Elliot's " introduction: In the Mirror of Machiavelli " an introduction for Althusser's " Machiavelli and us ", p. xi ).

For this reason, Althusser's " anti-humanism " and Foucault's statements were criticized, by Jürgen Habermas and others, for misunderstanding that this led to a fatalist conception of social determinism.

* Althusser's ' Problematic ' in the Context of the Vietnam War: Towards a Spectral Politics, in Rethinking Marxism, vol.

Postmodernism has also been associated with the rejection of enlightenment conceptions of the human subject by thinkers such as Michel Foucault, Claude Lévi-Strauss and, to a lesser extent, in Louis Althusser's attempt to reconcile Marxism with anti-humanism.

Althusser's argument here strongly draws from Jacques Lacan's concept of the mirror stage.

Althusser's concept has been roundly confused over the last decades with concepts and thinking associated with Michel Foucault, in part because both thinkers manifest an antihumanist insistence on the secondary status of the subject as mere effect of social relations and not vice versa.

Interpellation, Althusser's idea based on Lacan, specifically involves the moment and process of recognition of interaction with the ideology at hand.

During the late 1970s and 1980s, Hirst became a critic of Althusser's brand of Marxism.

Many of Althusser's students broke with structural Marxism in the late 1960s and 1970s.

What is the history of criticism but the history of men attempting to make sense of the manifold elements in art that will not allow themselves to be reduced to a single philosophy or a single aesthetic theory??

Accordingly, it is the aim of this essay to advance a new theory of imitation ( which I shall call mimesis in order to distinguish it from earlier theories of imitation ) and a new theory of invention ( which I shall call symbol for reasons to be stated hereafter ).

The central concern of Erich Auerbach's impressive volume called Mimesis is to describe the shift from a classic theory of imitation ( based upon a recognition of levels of truth ) to a Christian theory of imitation in which the levels are dissolved.

And it is clearly argued by Lord Percy of Newcastle, in his remarkable long essay, The Heresy Of Democracy, and in a more general way by Voegelin, in his New Science Of Politics, that this same Rousseauan idea, descending through European democracy, is the source of Marx's theory of the dictatorship of the proletariat.

Thus, in no ordinary sense of ' simplicity ' is the Ptolemaic theory simpler than the Copernican.

Analogously, anyone who argues that Einstein's theory of gravitation is simpler than Newton's, must say rather more to explain how it is that the latter is mastered by student-physicists, while the former can be managed ( with difficulty ) only by accomplished experts.

In a sense, Einstein's theory is simpler than Newton's, and there is a corresponding sense in which Copernicus' theory is simpler than Ptolemy's.

The strongest appeal of the Copernican formulation consisted in just this: ideally, the justification for dealing with special problems in particular ways is completely set out in the basic ' rules ' of the theory.

My reply is that I associate myself with all those who affirm that Gentile-Jewish relations should contribute to the theory and practice of human dignity.

Finally we may note that the idea appears in educational theory where its influence is at present widespread.

The point is that an ethical critic, with an assist from Freud, can seize on this theory to argue that tragedy provides us with a harmless outlet for our hostile urges.

In his study Samuel Johnson, Joseph Wood Krutch takes this line when he says that what Aristotle really means by his theory of catharsis is that our evil passions may be so purged by the dramatic ritual that it is `` less likely that we shall indulge them through our own acts ''.

But beginning, for all practical purposes, with Frederick Seebohm's English Village Community scholars have had to reckon with a theory involving institutional and agrarian continuity between Roman and Anglo-Saxon times which is completely at odds with the reigning concept of the Anglo-Saxon invasions.

that theory was and is sound.

Schmidhuber's theory explicitly distinguishes between what's beautiful and what's interesting, stating that interestingness corresponds to the first derivative of subjectively perceived beauty.

" " The Mystery of Marie Rogêt " is particularly interesting because it is a barely fictionalized account based on Poe's theory of what happened to the real-life Mary Cecilia Rogers.

Lorenz developed an interesting theory of the evolution of animal communication based on his observations of the nature of fixed action patterns and the circumstances in which animals emit them.

Damon Knight in The Futurians indicates that Blish at that time felt Fascism was interesting in theory, if repellent as it was then being practiced.

An interesting feature of gravitons in string theory is that, as closed strings without endpoints, they would not be bound to branes and could move freely between them.

Recently, some researchers suggested an interesting theory of evolution of dietary antioxidants.

See also: cognitive architecture, information science, systems theory, and an interesting and intuitive ABC's argument based on information science and theory:

The decision problem for Presburger arithmetic is an interesting example in computational complexity theory and computation.

It is a " minor gloss ," an " interesting but minor wrinkle on the surface of neo-Darwinian theory ," and " lies firmly within the neo-Darwinian synthesis ".

In an appendix added to the collected From Hell, Moore writes that he did not accept Knight's theory at face value ( and he echoed the then-growing consensus that such claims were likely hoaxes ), but considered it an interesting starting point for his own fictional examination of the Ripper murders, their era and impact.

What makes a movement identifiable and interesting as distinct from a specific theory is simply that a movement consists in a large flourishing of intellectual work on one or more ideas, in a fairly specifiable time and place.

Hadronic atoms, such as pionic hydrogen and kaonic hydrogen, thus provide interesting experimental probes of the theory of strong interactions, quantum chromodynamics.

The problem of controlling a self-balancing unicycle forms an interesting problem in control theory.

In fact, it is a theorem that all adjoint functors between additive categories must be additive functors ( see here ), and most interesting functors studied in all of category theory are adjoints.

If there is more than one possible equilibrium at any time then the more interesting implications of the theory of rational expectations do not apply.

Monge's paper gives the ordinary differential equation of the curves of curvature, and establishes the general theory in a very satisfactory manner ; the application to the interesting particular case of the ellipsoid was first made by him in a later paper in 1795.

The prototypical model is the Korteweg – de Vries equation, a highly non-linear equation for which the interesting solutions, the solitons, cannot be reached by perturbation theory, even if the perturbations were carried out to infinite order.

The advent of scholarly reforms by Charlemagne, who was particularly interested in music, began a period of intense activity in the monasteries of the writing and copying of treatises in music theory – the Musica enchiriadis is one of the earliest and most interesting of these.

For each of the first four months, November to February, the prostitutes take turns to tell five stories each day, relating to the fetishes of their most interesting clients, and thus totalling 150 stories for each month ( in theory at least ; Sade made a few mistakes as he was apparently unable to go back and review his work as he went along ).

Buckley later told Rolling Stone the school was " the biggest waste of time ", but noted in an interview with Double Take Magazine that he appreciated studying music theory there, saying, " I was attracted to really interesting harmonies, stuff that I would hear in Ravel, Ellington, Bartók.

The problem of creating a self-balancing unicycle, a self-powered unicycle that balances itself in three dimensions, is an interesting problem in robotics and control theory.

An interesting attribute of this idea is that it strongly resembles Darwin's own theory of pangenesis, except in the soma to germ line feedback theory, pangenes are replaced with realistic retroviruses.

The theory says that people make decisions based on the potential value of losses and gains rather than the final outcome, and that people evaluate these losses and gains using interesting heuristics.