Postmodernism has influenced many disciplines, including religion, literary criticism, sociology, ethics and morality, linguistics, architecture, history, politics, international relations, anthropology, visual arts, and music.

Postmodernism has also be used interchangeably with the term post-structuralism out of which postmodernism grew, a proper understanding of postmodernism or doing justice to the postmodernist thought demands an understanding of the poststructuralist movement and the ideas of its advocates.

Since then, Postmodernism has involved theories that embrace and aim to create diversity, and it exhaults uncertainty, flexibility and change ( Hatuka & D ' Hooghe 2007 ).

Noting this important conceptual shift, major contemporary theorists such as Matei Calinescu in Five Faces of Modernity: Modernism, Avant-garde, Decadence, Kitsch, Postmodernism ( 1987 ), and Hans Bertens in The Idea of the Postmodern: A History ( 1995 ), have suggested that this is a sign our culture has entered a new post-modern age, when the former modernist ways of thinking and behaving have been rendered redundant.

Though the usage of the term as a kind of shorthand to designate the work of certain Post-war " schools " employing relatively specific material and generic techniques has become conventional since the mid-1980s, the theoretical underpinnings of Postmodernism as an epochal or epistemic division are still very much in controversy.

Postmodernism in art, which has grown since the 1960s, differs from Modernism in as much as Modern art movements were primarily focused on their own activities and values, while Postmodernism uses the whole range of previous movements as a reference point.

With the goals of Postmodernism in giving a fuller, more sociological and pluralistic account of history, academic art has been brought back into history books and discussion.

Postmodernism in literature is not an organized movement with leaders or central figures ; therefore, it is more difficult to say if it has ended or when it will end ( compared to, say, declaring the end of modernism with the death of Joyce or Woolf ).

* Sardar has also contributed a number of books to the Introducing ... series published by Icon Books, including Introducing Islam, Introducing Chaos, Introducing Cultural Studies, Introducing Media Studies, Introducing Science Studies, Introducing Mathematics and Introducing Postmodernism.

While in the tradition of Postmodernism in that they presume a decisive role for media in the formation of personality, culture and social order, they differ fundamentally from the analog critical theory, in that the audience has the ability to do more than create a personal idiolectic text, but instead is able to create new texts which reinforce the behavior of other participants.

In the past the term has been used as a synonym for Postmodernism.

Postmodernism has seen a revival of these ideas.

Influential to thinkers associated with Postmodernism are Heidegger's critique of the subject-object or sense-knowledge division implicit in Rationalism, Empiricism and Methodological Naturalism, his repudiation of the idea that facts exist outside or separately from the process of thinking and speaking them ( however, Heidegger is not specifically a Nominalist ), his related admission that the possibilities of philosophical and scientific discourse are wrapped up in the practices and expectations of a society and that concepts and fundamental constructs are the expression of a lived, historical exercise rather than simple derivations of external, apriori conditions independent from historical mind and changing experience ( see Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Heinrich von Kleist, Weltanschauung and Social Constructionism ), and his Instrumentalist and Negativist notion that Being ( and, by extension, reality ) is an action, method, tendency, possibility and question rather than a discreet, positive, identifiable state, answer or entity ( see also Process Philosophy, Dynamism, Instrumentalism, Pragmatism and Vitalism ).

See also the category Postmodernism.

According to Hutcheon, in " A Poetics of Postmodernism ", works of historiographic metafiction are " those well-known and popular novels which are both intensely self-reflexive and yet paradoxically also lay claim to historical events and personages ".

Postmodernism is generally considered to have been conceived during the early twentieth century.

Recently the notions of metamodernism, Post-postmodernism and the " death of postmodernism " have been increasingly widely debated: in 2007 Andrew Hoborek noted in his introduction to a special issue of the journal Twentieth Century Literature titled " After Postmodernism " that " declarations of postmodernism's demise have become a critical commonplace ".

In 1921 and 1925, Postmodernism had been used to describe new forms of art and music.

However, the transition from Modernism to Postmodernism is often said to have happened at 3: 32pm on the 15th of July in 1972, when Pruitt Igoe ; a housing development for low-income people in St. Louis, which had been a prize winning version of le Corbusier's ' machine for modern living ' was deemed uninhabitable and was torn down ( Irving 1993, 480 ).

His books -- Postmodernism Rightly Understood, Aliens in America, Stuck with Virtue, and Homeless and at Home in America -- have been widely and positively reviewed.

Notwithstanding, Post-structuralism in much American academic literature in the Humanities is very strongly associated with the broader and more nebulous movement of Postmodernism.

He is associated with an original movement in Postmodernism, cited in the ‘‘ Larousse de la musique ’’.

The Seduction of Unreason: The Intellectual Romance with Fascism from Nietzsche to Postmodernism.

These developments — re-evaluation of the entire Western value system ( love, marriage, popular culture, shift from industrial to service economy ) that took place since the 1950s and 1960s, with a peak in the Social Revolution of 1968 — are described with the term Postmodernity, Influences on postmodern thought, Paul Lützeler ( St. Louis ) as opposed to Postmodernism, a term referring to an opinion or movement.

The movement of Postmodernism began with architecture, as a response to the perceived blandness, hostility, and Utopianism of the Modern movement.

* Norris, Christopher ( 1990 ) What's Wrong with Postmodernism: Critical Theory and the Ends of Philosophy ( ISBN 0-8018-4137-2 )

If instead of simply generating random characters one restricts the generator to a meaningful vocabulary and conservatively following grammar rules, like using a context-free grammar, then a random document generated this way can even fool some humans ( at least on a cursory reading ) as shown in the experiments with SCIgen, snarXiv, and the Postmodernism Generator.

For convenient access to many of Ritzer ’ s substantive contributions to modern and postmodern social theorizing, see Explorations in Social Theory: From Metatheorizing to Rationalization ( 2001 ) as well as more recent work often co-authored with his many students, such as ( with J. Michael Ryan ) “ Postmodern Social Theory and Sociology: On Symbolic Exchange with a ‘ Dead ’ Theory ,” in Reconstructing Postmodernism: Critical Debates ( 2007 ).

"-Umberto Eco, " A Correspondence on Postmodernism " with Stefano Rosso in Hoesterey, op cit., pp. 242 – 3

" Against Postmodernism, etcetera -- A Conversation with Susan Sontag " in Postmodern Culture, vol.

The Trouble with Theory: The Educational Costs of Postmodernism, Penn State University Press.

" He adheres to principles originated with Situationism, DIY and other forms of Postmodernism in his theoretical approach to issues of art and commerce but refers to it in his writings as " Pan-Modern.

Ten kilometres from Konin in Licheń Stary there is huge monastery with numerous churches and great basilica, an example of Catholic ecclesiastical Postmodernism in Poland.

* Wolin, Richard, The Seduction of Unreason: The Intellectual Romance with Fascism from Nietzsche to Postmodernism ( Princeton University Press ) 2004, sets out to trace “ the uncanny affinities between the Counter-Enlightenment and postmodernism .”

* What's Wrong with Postmodernism

Mark Lipovestky is the author of five books and more than seventy articles including: Russian Postmodernist Fiction: Dialogue with Chaos ( 1999 ) and Russian Postmodernism: The Essays of Historic Poetics ( 1997 ).

Postmodernism ... can be used at least in two ways – firstly, to give a label to the period after 1968 ( which would then encompass all forms of fiction, both innovative and traditional ), and secondly, to describe the highly experimental literature produced by writers beginning with Lawrence Durrell and John Fowles in the 1960s and reaching to the breathless works of Martin Amis and the " Chemical ( Scottish ) Generation " of the fin-de-siècle.

Jencks is synonymous with his writings of Postmodernism in architecture.

Postmodernism is a rejection of ' totality ', of the notion that planning could be ' comprehensive ', widely applied regardless of context, and rational.

In this sense, Postmodernism is a rejection of its predecessor: Modernism.

( Postmodernism, according to Huyssen, may be defined precisely by its rejection of this distinction.