This group separated from the Chupa Pou Aché on March 8, 2000 because of disagreements about resource use on the Chupa Pou reservation.

During that month the Aché management team also did two aerial overflights of the property with GPS receivers and detailed maps.

The Aché indicated that they would manage the property as an " Indigenous Reserve " and requested technical assistance in order to develop a sustainable management plan.

In March 2005 the Aché presented a management plan for Finca 470 to SEAM and on May 3, 2005 the Secretary of the Environment responded to the leader of the Aché community, Margarita Mbywangi in note 291 / 05.

That document from SEAM expressed agreement with the terms of the Aché management plan of March 29, 2005 ( stamped as received by the SEAM document # 33084 ).

SEAM agreed to: first, accept the regional management plan presented by the Aché community ; and second, initiate the process of transfer of title from the SEAM to the Aché Community Kuetuvy, which had been solicited by request to SEAM on April 28, 2005 in note # 34128.

Count D ' Aché who commanded it had to make up his line by including several Indiamen which were only armed merchant ships.

The Aché suffered repeated abuses by rural Paraguayan colonists, ranchers, and big landowners from the conquest period to the 20th century.

The first archeological evidence of native peoples in Paraguay is represented by the " Altoparanense industry " of stone flaked tools found along the Paraná River, and Celt-type stone axes similar to those still used by the Aché of the same region ( and dated to about 9, 000 Before Present ).

These included reports by several foreign scientists as well as the renowned Paraguayan naturalist Moises Bertoni ( whose information about the Aché was published posthumously ).

In 1959, after decades of persecution, the Ypety Aché were contacted in modern day Caazapa and pacified by Manuel de Jesus Pereira.

During this time, the Ypety and Yvytyruzu Aché were studied and described by anthropologists Branislava Susnik, Leon Cadogan, and Pierre Clastres.

By the 1960s the Northern Aché were the last large uncontacted ethnic group in Paraguay, but they were constantly persecuted by colonists, loggers, and ranchers.

Although the pacification of the Northern Aché has been labeled as " genocide " by some writers ( e. g., Munzel 1973, 1974, 1976 ), the situation was more complex, with autonomous peasant farmers and Guarani Indians encroaching on Aché lands, and attempting to drive them further into the forest, or pacify and capture them for use as cheap farm labor.

But, in the months following the initial agreement between the FMB and the Kuetuvy Aché, the Paraguayan Ministry of Public Works ( Ministerio de Obras Públicas ) and the Secretary of the Environment ( Secretaría del Ambiente ) began negotiating independently with the property owner to purchase Finca # 470 as part of a conservation land quota required by the Interamerican Development Bank ( Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo – BID ) in order to meet conditions for a BID loan for the route 10 project in Canindeyu.

All representatives of both government agencies and NGOs assured the Aché that the land would be titled to them once expropriated by the Paraguayan government.

Aché leaders called the national press, several government officials, and organized a show of armed resistance which was attended by representatives of all six Aché reservations.

Continuing, the document states that ".. taking into account that the aforementioned property functions as permanent location of the native Aché community Kuetuvy, and according to the principles of national law 234 / 93, which endorses article 14 of ILO Convention 169 ( this refers to the Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 formulated by the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, United Nations ) stating that " The rights of ownership and possession of the peoples concerned over the lands which they traditionally occupy shall be recognised.

Although early reports locate Aché-like groups throughout eastern Paraguay and adjacent areas of Brazil, by the 20th century the Aché lived in four dialectally distinct groups that inhabited the Paraná River watershed in the modern day states of Caazapa, Guairá, Alto Paraná, Caaguazu, and Canindeyu.

Despite the presence of over 500 species of edible vertebrate prey, only 9 species of mammals provide more than 1 % of the prey biomass actually harvested by Aché hunters.

Aché men hunt with bow and arrow and by hand.

Results generally support the notion that Aché hunters pursue only prey items that would increase their energy return rates and pass by some species ( many small birds, rodents, reptiles, etc.

* The Aché of Paraguay, Kim Hill

are presented in Hill and Hurtado's 1996 book Aché Life History.

# Hawkes, K., K. Hill and J. O ’ Connell ( 1982 ) Why Hunters Gather: Optimal Foraging and the Aché of Eastern Paraguay.

# Hill, K. ( 2002 ) Cooperative food acquisition by Aché foragers.

# Kaplan, H. and K. Hill ( 1985 ) Food Sharing Among Aché Foragers ; Tests of Explanatory Hypotheses.

From the earliest Jesuit accounts of the Aché in the 17th century until their peaceful outside contacts in the 20th century the Aché were described as nomadic hunter-gatherers living in small bands and depending entirely on wild forest resources for subsistence.

Within a month the captured Northern Aché woman led Pereira's reservation Aché to her forest band, and the group was persuaded to move to the Cerro Moroti reservation in order to receive protection from " Papa Pereira ".

Aché foragers living in the forest share food extensively, and animal prey are divided up communally among band members.

After a lengthy journey, the fleet of the comte d ' Aché, carrying the expeditionary forces whose land commander was the count de Lally, arrived off British-occupied Cuddalore in southern India on 28 April 1758.

In the 20th century the Northern Aché began as the only inhabitants of nearly 20, 000 square kilometers, and ended up confined on two reservations totaling little more than 50 square kilometers of titled land.

The fact that Aché inhabitants were present and living in the forests of Canindeyu and Alto Paraná on the very lands being titled in Hernandarias, Coronel Oveido, and other government centers seems to have bothered nobody.

The earliest published reports ( Lozano 1873-74 summary of Jesuit accounts in the 17th century ) about the Aché refer to them as " Guajagui ", a term based on the Guaraní root " Guaja " (= enemy tribe, or brother-in-law ) and " gui " a common Aché suffix ( meaning " essence of " or " having the property of ").

This is congruous with the Aché whose economy is indeed based on palm pith and meat, and whose spiritual beliefs place " Berendy " ( associated with booming meteors ) in a central position.

Finally, a German immigrant, Federico Maynthusen contacted a group of Aché in 1908 in the modern department of Itapua, and published information on both their language and culture.

Detailed demographic data on the Northern Aché population ( based on extensive interviews with survivors ) shows that 38 % of the population died from contact related respiratory disease during this time period.

First, in 1976 the missionary family of Rolf Fostervold, contacted and protected the Ynaro / Nacunday Aché that were on the verge of extermination.

The most recent Northern Aché community is that of Kuetuvy, which contained 205 residents ( about 55 families ) in January 2006, and is located directly south of the Mbaracayu Reserve on the property designated as " Finca 470 ".

In early January 2002 the Aché received a letter of permission to occupy Finca # 470 from the Secretary of the Environment, and the Kuetuvy Aché permanently settled the property on January 8, 2002.

In June 2002, the Aché began systematic conservation work on the Finca # 470.

The forestry-based products would be primarily destined for internal consumption in the form of houses, school buildings, clinics, etc .. The Secretary of Environment ( SEAM ) responded with support for the Aché proposal and signed an Agreement of Inter-institutional Cooperation for five years with the Paraguayan Indian Institute ( INDI ) and the Aché leaders on September 2, 2004.