* Scanning tunneling microscope ( STM )-Can be used to both image, and to manipulate structures as small as a single atom.

The resolution of an image is limited by the radius of curvature of the scanning tip of the STM.

CLSM has the advantage of not requiring a probe to be suspended nanometers from the surface, as in an AFM or STM, for example, where the image is obtained by scanning with a fine tip over a surface.

Scanning tunneling microscope | STM image of a Quinacridone adsorbate.

STM image of self-assembled supramolecular chains of the organic semiconductor Quinacridone on Graphite.

In many other respects, especially in metals under ordinary conditions, these so-called Landau quasiparticles closely resemble familiar electrons ; as Crommie's " quantum corral " showed, an STM can clearly image their interference upon scattering.

STM image of self-assembled supramolecular chains of the organic semiconductor Quinacridone on Graphite.

In particular STM can image the shape, spatial distribution, terminal groups and their packing structure.

Scanning Tunneling Microscope | STM image of surfaces at the edge of a 1 μm thick layer of ta-C " diamond-like " coating on 304 stainless steel after various durations of tumbling in a slurry of 240 mesh SiC abrasive.

The STM image may appear to have either increased or decreased height at that feature, although the geometry alone is certainly an increased height.

A scanning tunneling microscopy image of single-walled carbon nanotube

A transmission electron microscopy image of a single-walled carbon nanotube

A scanning electron microscopy image of carbon nanotubes bundles

Scanning electron microscopes operating in conventional high-vacuum mode usually image conductive specimens ; therefore non-conductive materials require conductive coating ( gold / palladium alloy, carbon, osmium, etc.

The surface with the latent image is exposed to toner, fine particles of dry plastic powder mixed with carbon black or coloring agents.

Additionally, samples viewed by AFM do not require any special treatments ( such as metal / carbon coatings ) that would irreversibly change or damage the sample, and does not typically suffer from charging artifacts in the final image.

MOPITT satellite computer image of carbon monoxide March 2010.

Thus, when using a spirit duplicator master with a hectograph, one writes on the back of the purple sheet, using it like carbon paper to produce an image on the white sheet, rather than writing on the front of the white sheet to produce a mirror image on its back.

This early process required the creation of a photographic relief image, made by a variety of the carbon process, from which a plaster cast was made.

In the last quarter of the 19th century, the method of image photo transfer onto carbon tissue covered with light-sensitive gelatin was discovered, and was the beginning of rotogravure.

Despite the 90 % reduction in the sulfur dioxide and other gases, carbon dioxide and water vapour are the most visible component and continue to contribute to Vale's image as a pollution source.

Party leader Carole James assigned him the role of environment critic with the intent of re-casting the party's image on environmental issues following the party's negatively-received campaign plank of repealing the carbon tax.

The basic residue or cofactor deprotonates the alpha carbon, and FAD accepts the hydride from the beta carbon, oxidizing the bound succinate to fumarate -- refer to image 6.

Note that despite appearing to be separated in the image, the carbon " islands " at each electrode in the rightmost image form a continuously connected foam in 3D.

The tube has a perfectly proportioned copy of the test pattern master art inside, permanently deposited as a carbon image on an aluminum target plate or slide.

A carbon print is a photographic print with an image consisting of pigmented gelatin, rather than of silver or other metallic particles suspended in a uniform layer of gelatin, as in typical black-and-white prints, or of chromogenic dyes, as in typical photographic color prints.

Scanning electron microscopy image of WS < sub > 2 </ sub > nanotube bundles.

Transmission electron microscopy image of an individual WS < sub > 2 </ sub > multi-wall nanotube.

Eight allotropes of carbon: a ) Diamond, b ) Graphite, c ) Lonsdaleite, d ) C < sub > 60 </ sub > ( Buckminsterfullerene or buckyball ), e ) C < sub > 540 </ sub >, f ) C70 fullerene | C < sub > 70 </ sub >, g ) Amorphous carbon, and h ) single-walled carbon nanotube or buckytube.

A metallic single-walled carbon nanotube that is sufficiently short to exhibit no internal scattering ( ballistic transport ) has a conductance that approaches two times the conductance quantum,.

This drug, however, has severe side effects and great effort is being made to improve drug delivery including attachment to single-walled carbon nanotubes, encapsulation in proteins cages, among other clever strategies.

In the Russian Doll model, sheets of graphite are arranged in concentric cylinders, e. g., a ( 0, 8 ) single-walled nanotube ( SWNT ) within a larger ( 0, 17 ) single-walled nanotube.

There is no consensus on some terms describing carbon nanotubes in scientific literature: both "- wall " and "- walled " are being used in combination with " single ", " double ", " triple " or " multi ", and the letter C is often omitted in the abbreviation ; for example, multi-walled carbon nanotube ( MWNT ).

SWNTs are an important variety of carbon nanotube because most of their properties change significantly with the ( n, m ) values, and this dependence is non-monotonic ( see Kataura plot ).

Triple-walled armchair carbon nanotube

In theory, a nanotorus is a carbon nanotube bent into a torus ( doughnut shape ).

In this new material, fullerene-like " buds " are covalently bonded to the outer sidewalls of the underlying carbon nanotube.

Construction of a high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell | PEMFC: Bipolar plate as electrode with in-milled gas channel structure, fabricated from conductive composite material | composite s ( enhanced with graphite, carbon black, carbon fiber, and / or carbon nanotube s for more conductivity ); Porous carbon papers ; reactive layer, usually on the polymer membrane applied ; polymer membrane. Condensation of water produced by a PEMFC on the air channel wall.

Following nearly a decade's worth of research into the formation of alternate fullerene compounds ( e. g. C < sub > 28 </ sub >, C < sub > 70 </ sub >), as well as the synthesis of endohedral metallofullerenes ( M @ C < sub > 60 </ sub >), reports of the identification of carbon nanotube structures led Smalley to begin investigating the iron-catalyzed synthesis of carbon nanotubes.

Smalley's latest research was focused on carbon nanotubes, specifically focusing on the chemical synthesis side of nanotube research.

However, recent concepts for a space elevator are notable for their plans to use carbon nanotube or boron nitride nanotube based materials as the tensile element in the tether design.

The latest developments in carbon nanotube technology bring the orbital elevator closer to possible realisation.

Because of the long-standing usage of the term " unobtainium " within the space elevator research community to describe a material with the necessary characteristics, LiftPort Group President Michael Laine has advocated assigning the term as the generic name for cables woven of carbon nanotube fibers, which seem to satisfy the requirements for this application.

Additionally, other transparent conducting materials, such as carbon nanotube coatings or PEDOT can be used as the front electrode.

* Carbon nanotube, an allotrope of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure

# REDIRECT carbon nanotube

In 2008, large format carbon nanotube sheets began being produced at Nanocomp.

A number of more esoteric devices have been proposed, including Nano-RAM based on carbon nanotube technology, but these are currently far from commercialization.