Acidic conditions yield the carboxylic acid and the ammonium ion while basic hydrolysis yield the carboxylate ion and ammonia.

Further separation was carried out in the presence of a citric acid / ammonium buffer solution in a weakly acidic medium ( pH ≈ 3. 5 ), using ion exchange at elevated temperature.

Free ammonia ( NH < sub > 3 </ sub >), existing as the ammonium ion ( NH < sub > 4 </ sub >< sup >+</ sup >) in blood, is toxic to life forms.

Larger amounts of radioactive material were later isolated from coral debris of the atoll, which were delivered to the U. S. The separation of suspected new elements was carried out in the presence of a citric acid / ammonium buffer solution in a weakly acidic medium ( pH ≈ 3. 5 ), using ion exchange at elevated temperatures ; fewer than 200 atoms of einsteinium were recovered in the end.

For example, the charge on the nitrogen atom in ammonium ion NH < sub > 4 </ sub >< sup >+</ sup > is + 1, but the formal oxidation state is-3, the same as it is for nitrogen in ammonia.

More widely, alums are double sulphate salts, with the formula, where A is a monovalent cation such as potassium or ammonium and M is a trivalent metal ion such as aluminium or chromium ( III ).

Double sulfates with the general formula, are known where A is a monovalent cation such as sodium, potassium, rubidium, caesium, or thallium ( I ), or a compound cation such as ammonium (), methylammonium (), hydroxylammonium () or hydrazinium (), B is a trivalent metal ion, such as aluminium, chromium, titanium, manganese, vanadium, iron ( III ), cobalt ( III ), gallium, molybdenum, indium, ruthenium, rhodium, or iridium.

The ammonium ion is generated when ammonia, a weak base, reacts with Brønsted acids ( proton donors ):

The ammonium ion is mildly acidic, reacting with Brønsted bases to return to the uncharged ammonia molecule:

The degree to which ammonia forms the ammonium ion depends on the pH of the solution.

If the pH is high ( the concentration of hydrogen ions is low ), the equilibrium shifts to the left: the hydroxide ion abstracts a proton from the ammonium ion, generating ammonia.

The hydrogen atoms in the ammonium ion can be substituted with an alkyl group or some other organic group to form a substituted ammonium ion ( IUPAC nomenclature ": aminium ion ).

An example of a reaction forming an ammonium ion is that between dimethylamine, ( CH < sub > 3 </ sub >)< sub > 2 </ sub > NH, and an acid, to give the dimethylaminium cation, ( CH < sub > 3 </ sub >)< sub > 2 </ sub > NH:

The ammonium ion has very similar properties to the heavier alkali metals and is often considered a close relative.

Ketone bodies are acidic, but acid-base homeostasis in the blood is normally maintained through bicarbonate buffering, respiratory compensation to vary the amount of CO < sub > 2 </ sub > in the bloodstream, hydrogen ion absorption by tissue proteins and bone, and renal compensation through increased excretion of dihydrogen phosphate and ammonium ions.

The radiative transfer modeling showed that a mixture of water ice, tholins ( as a darkening agent ), ethane ice and ammonium ion ( NH < sub > 4 </ sub >< sup >+</ sup >) provides the best match to the spectra, while a combination of water ice, tholins, methane ice and ammonia hydrate gives a slightly inferior result.

Examples of spherical tops: phosphorus tetramer ( P < sub > 4 </ sub >), carbon tetrachloride ( CCl < sub > 4 </ sub >), methane ( CH < sub > 4 </ sub >), ammonium ion ( NH < sub > 4 </ sub >< sup >+</ sup >), sulfur hexafluoride ( SF < sub > 6 </ sub >)

The ammonium is further converted by bacteria into plant-nourishing nitrites and nitrates through the process of nitrification.

In addition, ammonium nitrate is hygroscopic, susceptible to damp, hence the above concerns.

In his initial scale ( which is not the final Fahrenheit scale ), the zero point is determined by placing the thermometer in brine: he used a mixture of ice, water, and ammonium chloride, a salt, at a 1: 1: 1 ratio.

# The remaining solution is treated with ammonium oxalate to convert rare earths in to their insoluble oxalates.

Gunpowder is no longer used in modern explosive military warheads, nor is it used as main explosive in mining operations due to its cost relative to that of newer alternatives such as ammonium nitrate / fuel oil ( ANFO ).

( A detailed process using the double ammonium nitrates to provide 99. 99 % pure lanthanum, neodymium concentrates and praseodymium concentrates is presented in Callow 1967, at a time when the process was just becoming obsolete.

After that, the solution is treated with ammonium oxalate to convert rare earths to their insoluble oxalates.

Lanthanum is separated as a double salt with ammonium nitrate by crystallization.

Lanthanum metal is obtained from its oxide by heating it with ammonium chloride or fluoride and hydrofluoric acid at 300-400 ° C to produce the chloride or fluoride:

In a chemical laboratory it is prepared by treating an aqueous solution of ammonium chloride with sodium nitrite.

In free-living diazotrophs, the nitrogenase-generated ammonium is assimilated into glutamate through the glutamine synthetase / glutamate synthase pathway.

In 1828 Friedrich Wöhler produced the organic chemical urea ( carbamide ), a constituent of urine, from the inorganic ammonium cyanate NH < sub > 4 </ sub > CNO, in what is now called the Wöhler synthesis.

An atom holding one or more electrical charges is enclosed in brackets, followed by the symbol H if it is bonded to one or more atoms of hydrogen, followed by the number of hydrogen atoms ( as usual one is omitted example: NH4 for ammonium ), then by the sign '+' for a positive charge or by '-' for a negative charge.

The chemical is associated with other medical conditions including diabetes and the formation of ammonium acid urate kidney stones.

The nitrogen-rich fertilizer ammonium nitrate is also used as an oxidizing agent in improvised explosive devices, sometimes called fertilizer bombs, leading to sale regulations.

This ammonia is used as a feedstock for other nitrogen fertilizers, such as anhydrous ammonium nitrate ( NH < sub > 4 </ sub > NO < sub > 3 </ sub >) and urea ( CO ( NH < sub > 2 </ sub >)< sub > 2 </ sub >).

HMX, C < sub > 4 </ sub > H < sub > 8 </ sub > N < sub > 4 </ sub >( NO < sub > 2 </ sub >)< sub > 4 </ sub >, a nitramine with greater energy than ammonium perchlorate, was used in the propellant of the Peacekeeper ICBM and is the main ingredient in NEPE-75 propellant used in the Trident II D-5 Fleet Ballistic Missile.

Ammonium dinitramide, NH < sub > 4 </ sub > N ( NO < sub > 2 </ sub >)< sub > 2 </ sub >, is being considered as a 1-to-1 chlorine-free substitute for ammonium perchlorate in composite propellants.

McVeigh made a prototype bomb using a plastic Gatorade jug containing ammonium nitrate prills, liquid nitromethane, a piece of Tovex sausage, and a blasting cap.

One such was the discovery, first recorded in 1784, of iron cement made from sal ammoniac, or ammonium chloride and iron filings, apparently discovered when Murdoch observed that these 2 components had accidentally mixed in his tool bag and formed a solid mass.

Wednesday 23 October-Gen. Edward Aritonang says investigators have determined the bomb was a large bomb made of RDX with a derivative of ammonium nitrate, but unsure of how it was deployed.

It weighed about 2-3 kilograms and was made of ammonium nitrate and nitromethane with shotgun pellets.

* Composite propellants made from a solid oxidizer such as ammonium perchlorate or ammonium nitrate, a rubber such as HTPB, or PBAN ( may be replaced by energetic polymers such as polyglycidyl nitrate or polyvinyl nitrate for extra energy ), optional high explosive fuels ( again, for extra energy ) such as RDX or nitroglycerin, and usually a powdered metal fuel such as aluminum.

Amatol is a highly explosive material made from a mixture of TNT and ammonium nitrate.

Later mantles were made from guncotton ( nitrocellulose ) or collodion rather than ordinary cotton, since extremely fine threads of this material could be produced, but it had to be converted back to cellulose by immersion in ammonium sulfide before first use, since guncotton is highly inflammable and can be explosive.

The search turned up blasting caps, detonating cords, ground ammonium nitrate, barrels made of plastic similar to fragments found at the bombing site, 33 firearms, anti-government warfare literature, a receipt for ammonium nitrate fertilizer with McVeigh's fingerprints on it, a telephone credit card that McVeigh had used when he was shopping for bomb making equipment, and a hand-drawn map of downtown Oklahoma City.

Yazid Sufaat, a KMM member, had purchased 4 tons of ammonium nitrate which were already made available to the Singapore cell for the bombings.

Alkaline copper quaternary ( ACQ ) is a preservative made of copper, a fungicide, and a quaternary ammonium compound ( quat ) like didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, an insecticide which also augments the fungicidal treatment.

Some Finnish drinking establishments started serving a drink made out of ground ammonium chloride based candy ( Salmiakki in Finnish ).

Ammonal is an explosive made up of ammonium nitrate and aluminium powder.

Since the invention of Pinaud's early products, modern science has advanced the hair conditioner industry to include those made with silicone, fatty alcohols, and quaternary ammonium compounds.

Tyrkisk Peber ( Danish for " Turkish Pepper ", often referred to as " Turkinpippuri " in Finland, " Tyrkisk pepper " in Norway, " Turkisk peppar " in Sweden and " Türkisch Pfeffer " in Germany ) is a strong liquorice candy flavored with ammonium chloride ( salmiakki ) and pepper, made by the Finnish company Fazer and popular in Scandinavia.

It can be made by reacting uranyl nitrate with a base ( ammonia ) to form a solid ( ammonium uranate ).

Instead, it is made almost entirely of sugar, liquorice and ammonium chloride.

A number of arrests were made, and 1, 300 pounds ( 600 kg ) of ammonium nitrate fertilizer, which can be used in making bombs, were confiscated.

Unlike the other TNT ROF's, however, ROF Pembrey also made tetryl and ammonium nitrate.