As the axial load on a perfectly straight slender column with elastic material properties is increased in magnitude, this ideal column passes through three states: stable equilibrium, neutral equilibrium, and instability.

If the axial load on the column is not concentric, that is, its line of action is not precisely coincident with the centroidal axis of the column, the column is characterized as eccentrically loaded.

The larger the contact angle ( typically in the range 10 to 45 degrees ), the higher the axial load supported, but the lower the radial load.

An axial load is transmitted directly through the bearing, while a radial load is poorly supported and tends to separate the races, so that a larger radial load is likely to damage the bearing.

Conrad bearings have the advantage that they are able to withstand both radial and axial loads, but have the disadvantage of lower load capacity due to the limited number of balls that can be loaded into the bearing assembly.

However, a slot-fill bearing cannot carry a significant axial load on the loading slot side.

Cadaver studies have shown that as an automobile occupant is hit from behind, the forces from the seat back compress the kyphosis of the thoracic spine, which provides an axial load on the lumbar spine and cervical spine.

* Torsion spring – unlike the above types in which the load is an axial force, the load applied to a torsion spring is a torque or twisting force, and the end of the spring rotates through an angle as the load is applied.

Disadvantages include brittleness and fragility, limited availability / applicability in medium and large bearing sizes and capacities, and friction variations if the load is not axial.

An OSB skinned system structurally outperforms conventional stick framed construction in some cases ; primarily in axial load strength.

Mathematical analysis of buckling makes use of an axial load eccentricity that introduces a moment, which does not form part of the primary forces to which the member is subjected.

A column under a concentric axial load exhibiting the characteristic deformation of buckling The eccentricity of the axial force results in a bending moment acting on the beam element. The ratio of the effective length of a column to the least radius of gyration of its cross section is called the slenderness ratio ( sometimes expressed with the Greek letter lambda, λ ).

If the load on a column is applied through the center of gravity of its cross section, it is called an axial load.

A short column under the action of an axial load will fail by direct compression before it buckles, but a long column loaded in the same manner will fail by buckling ( bending ), the buckling effect being so large that the effect of the direct load may be neglected.

In 1757, mathematician Leonhard Euler derived a formula that gives the maximum axial load that a long, slender, ideal column can carry without buckling.

When a hollow-point hunting bullet strikes a soft target, the pressure created in the pit forces the material ( usually lead ) around the inside edge to expand outwards, increasing the axial diameter of the projectile as it passes through.

Unlike most water turbines, which have axial or radial flows, in a cross-flow turbine the water passes through the turbine transversely, or across the turbine blades.

The L-ring of the bacterial flagellum is the ring in the lipid outer cell membrane through which the axial filament ( rod, hook, and flagellum ) passes.

Those in the choir depict the kings of France and Castille and members of the local nobility in the straight bays, while the windows in the apse hemicycle show those Old Testament prophets who foresaw the virgin birth, flanking scenes of the Annunciation, Visitation and Nativity in the axial window.

For an object with an eccentric orbit but no axial tilt, the analemma would be a straight east-west line along the celestial equator.

* axial space ( idea popularized by Bill Hillier at UCL ), a straight sight-line and possible path, and

The electron beam, accelerated by a positive potential, is constrained to travel through a cylindrical drift tube in a straight path by an axial magnetic field.

Thanks to the axial magnetic field of the focusing coil, this deflection is not in a straight line, thus when the electrons reach the target they do so perpendicularly avoiding a sideways component.

If a hole has an axial split along it, such as a split bush or a clamping hole, each straight tooth will in turn drop into the gap causing the other teeth to retract from their cutting position.

An axial cut is a type of jump cut, where the camera suddenly moves closer to or further away from its subject, along an invisible line drawn straight between the camera and the subject.

Thus, the reading is given by the number of whole divisions that are visible on the scale of the frame, multiplied by 25 ( the number of thousandths of an inch that each division represents ), plus the number of that division on the thimble which coincides with the axial zero line on the frame.

Suppose the thimble were screwed out so that graduation 2, and three additional sub-divisions, were visible ( as shown in the image ), and that graduation 1 on the thimble coincided with the axial line on the frame.

Thus, the reading is given by the number of millimetre divisions visible on the scale of the sleeve plus the particular division on the thimble which coincides with the axial line on the sleeve.

Suppose that the thimble were screwed out so that graduation 5, and one additional 0. 5 subdivision were visible ( as shown in the image ), and that graduation 28 on the thimble coincided with the axial line on the sleeve.

In digital sensors, axial CA results in the red and blue planes being defocused ( assuming that the green plane is in focus ), which is relatively difficult to remedy in post-processing, while transverse CA results in the red, green, and blue planes being at different magnifications ( magnification changing along radii, as in geometric distortion ), and can be corrected by radially scaling the planes appropriately so they line up.

There, by order of Napoleon, the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel was centered on the palace ( and so on the same axial line that was developing beyond the palace ).

The axial tilt of Epsilon Eridani toward the line of sight from Earth is uncertain.

The vertical axial line down the grid and the two horizontal axes through the crosses are also coloured in the yellow pigment right to the edges of the grid.

The complex faces east and is built along a central axial line.

With normal axial alignment in the hindfoot, the axes of the tibia and calcaneus lie on a vertical line ( pes rectus ).

The axial separation distance between the line of sight and the bore axis and trajectory of the projectile dictate the amount of angular declination required to achieve the required intersection.

The most common method is a tab on the parting line edge that correlates with a notch in the housing to prevent axial movement after installation.

Another axial slice of a CT scan of the chest showing a small thymoma anterior to the heart ( marked with the red line ).

For more general fold shapes, a hinge curve replaces the hinge line, and a non-planar axial surface replaces the axial plane.

An axial trace is the line of intersection of the axial surface with any other surface ( ground, side of mountain, geological cross-section ).

These boundaries are nothing more than axial lines which are a feature that people are biased towards when relating to space ; for example one axial line determinant is gravity ( McNamara & Shelton, 2001 ; Kim & Penn, 2004 ).

* The propeller may be ahead of the tail: inside the framework ( Farman III ), in line with the fuselage ( RFB Fantrainer ), between tail booms ( Cessna Skymaster ), above the fuselage on wing ( Quad City Challenger ), on nacelle or axial pod ( Lake Buccaneer ), or coaxially around rear fuselage ( Gallaudet D-4 ).

This class mainly uses a direct drive, either single engine, axial propeller or twin engines with a symmetrical layout or an in line layout ( push-pull ) as the famous Rutan Voyager.