Temperatures within a given winter are highly variable as well ; extended cold snaps of forty below zero can be followed by unseasonable warmth with temperatures above freezing due to chinook wind effects.

In an " extended model " which includes hot dark matter in the form of neutrinos, then if the " physical baryon density " Ω < sub > b </ sub > h < sup > 2 </ sup > is estimated at about 0. 023 ( this is different from the ' baryon density ' Ω < sub > b </ sub > expressed as a fraction of the total matter / energy density, which as noted above is about 0. 046 ), and the corresponding cold dark matter density Ω < sub > c </ sub > h < sup > 2 </ sup > is about 0. 11, the corresponding neutrino density Ω < sub > v </ sub > h < sup > 2 </ sup > is estimated to be less than 0. 0062.

For example, frogs in cold climates can survive for extended periods of time with most of their body water in a frozen state, while desert frogs in Australia can become inactive and dehydrate in dry periods, losing up to 75 % of their fluids, yet return to life by rapidly rehydrating in wet periods.

He also wrote an extended essay attacking the ideologists on both sides of the cold war, Double Exposure ( 1985 ) and edited a collection of essays opposing Ronald Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative, Star Wars ( 1985 ).

; Psychrophile / Cryophile: An organism capable of survival, growth or reproduction at temperatures of-15 ° C or lower for extended periods ; common in cold soils, permafrost, polar ice, cold ocean water, and in or under alpine snowpack

Subzero ( below − 18 ° C ) cold is observed 23 nights per year, but is rarely extended, as is heat, which occurs on 19 days annually.

Human populations can be inflicted with frostbites when exposed for extended periods of time to cold and may result in the loss of limbs or damage to internal organs.

The New York Times remarked that this " extended the box office cold streak for the Oscar-winning Ms.

Vacuum flasks are used domestically to keep beverages hot or cold for extended periods, and for many purposes in industry.

The cold and its effects extended across Europe, and it is now seen to be the last serious cold period at the end of the Little Ice Age of about 1400 – 1800.

The same temperature, as established by instrument, feels very different after an extended period of cold winter weather than after mild weather in the autumn.

Wicks Cherrycoke, a clergyman of dubious orthodoxy, who attempts to entertain and divert his extended family on a cold December evening — partly for amusement, and partly to keep his coveted status as a guest in the house.

Nosema is normally only a problem when the bees can not leave the hive to eliminate waste ( for example, during an extended cold spell in winter or when the hives are enclosed in a wintering barn ).

Armidale's elevation gives it a mild climate, with pleasant warm summers, extended spring and autumn seasons, and a long cold winter with some frosty nights.

The length and severity of the winter, along with the sharp fluctuations in the mean summer and winter temperatures, imposed special requirements on many branches of the economy: in regions of permafrost, buildings must be constructed on pilings, and machinery must be made of specially tempered steel ; transportation systems must be engineered to perform reliably in extremely low and high temperatures ; the health care field and the textile industry are greatly affected by the ramifications of six to eight months of winter ; and energy demands are multiplied by extended periods of darkness and cold.

The origins of Hurricane Alicia were from a cold front that extended from New England through the central Gulf of Mexico.

However, they cannot handle the most extreme cold, and are uncomfortable for extended wear.

A cold front extended south from the low across the western Great Lakes and then through Illinois and Missouri.

This can be extended by freezing the blood with a mixture of glycerol but this process is expensive, rarely done, and requires an extremely cold freezer for storage.

That is why shelf life is generally extended by temperature control: ( refrigeration, insulated shipping containers, controlled cold chain, etc.

* Vacuum flask ( also known as a Dewar flask ), a container with vacuum insulation ; used to keep the contents hot or cold for an extended period

During the cold war, the Soviet Union's " tentacles extended into Iranian Kurdistan ".

This usage of " X " to spell the syllable " kris " ( rather than the sounds " ks ") has extended to " xtal " for " crystal ", and on florists ' signs to " xant " for " chrysanthemum ", even though these words are not etymologically related to " Christ ": " crystal " comes from a Greek word meaning " ice " ( and not even using the letter χ ), and " chrysanthemum " comes from Greek words meaning " golden flower " ( while " Christ " comes from a Greek word meaning " anointed ").

" He extended his loan spell for a further month in December and again in January 2007 until the end of the season.

Despite missing the last game of his initial loan spell through suspension, having been sent off in the match against Charlton Athletic, the loan was extended for a further month, and again for a third and final month, until 17 January 2009.

His loan spell at Carrow Road was initially for one month but was extended to three months.

On 30 January 2007, he extended his loan spell with the Potters until the end of the 2006 – 07 season.

His loan spell was later extended to January 2008, and then again to the end of the 2007 – 08 season.

In the same year, the National Power Corporation installed and commissioned 11 gas turbine units throughout the country to meet the urgent power supply deficiencies, caused by an extended dry spell.

After an extended spell out of the national side, including missing the 2007 Rugby World Cup, he was recalled by caretaker coach Nigel Davies, being included in the squad to play against South Africa.

Doncaster extended Healy's loan spell into a second month.

Vale seemed to have extended Johnson's loan spell by a further month, however his parent club recalled him at the last minute.

Fojut garnered much praise during his loan spell, Luton manager Kevin Blackwell describing the young defender's performances as " colossal ", however, his stay could not be extended, with all loan players being required to return to their parent clubs when Luton was placed in administration.

Towards the end of the loan spell Schmeichel requested that he would be allowed to stay on at Cardiff for a longer period and on 22 November the loan spell was extended until the new year with manager Sven-Göran Eriksson stating that he could possibly stay at the club for the rest of the season providing Manchester City do not suffer an injury crisis.

This method can be extended to include the concentration differences caused by shear fields.

He said his plan is designed to `` meet the needs of those millions who have no wish to receive care at the taxpayers' expense, but who are nevertheless staggered by the drain on their savings -- or those of their children -- caused by an extended hospital stay ''.

This power was then extended to prophets like Moses and Samuel, who caused thunderous storms to rain down on their enemies.

There is some debate whether certain types of sexual sensations should be accurately classified as orgasms, including female orgasms caused by G-Spot stimulation alone, and the demonstration of extended or continuous orgasms lasting several minutes or even an hour.

His legitimization of his children by Catherine, and rumors that he was about to crown his new wife Empress, ending the morganatic status of his second marriage, caused great tension with the entire extended Romanov family.

An extended period of economic sanctions, and the damage to FR Yugoslavia's infrastructure and industry caused by the Kosovo War left the economy only half the size it was in 1990.

fMRI research has extended this research to humans, and confirms that reduced working memory caused by acute stress links to reduced activation of the PFC, and stress increased levels of catecholamines.

After Biot's departure, the political ferment caused by the entrance of the French into Spain extended to the Balearic Islands, and the population suspected Arago's movements and his lighting of fires on the top of Mount Galatzó ( Catalan: Mola de l ' Esclop ) as the activities of a spy for the invading army.

By the 1930s the colonial presence had extended to all parts of British Somaliland, and the development of trade and eventually towns caused some pastoralists to leave the pastoral economy and settle on the land.

Noise-induced hearing loss-hearing loss caused by exposure to harmful sounds, either very loud impulse sound ( s ) or repeated exposure to sounds over 90-decibel level over an extended period of time that damage the sensitive structures of the inner ear.

This was the year in which an extended and severe drought began which caused crops to fail, leaving the plowed fields exposed to wind erosion.

Edema in plants is the extended swelling in plant organs caused primarily by an excessive accumulation of water, a condition most damaging in Cacti, Fuchsias, Pelargonium and Succulents.

During Charles ' reign, the territories in New Spain were considerably extended by conquistadores like Hernán Cortés and Francisco Pizarro, who caused the Aztec and Inca empires to fall in little more than a decade.

For two years from 1939 the 8-car Uxbridge line trains were extended from Aldgate but this caused operational problems, and from 1941 Barking was again served by Hammersmith & City trains.

Duke Lake, a lake in Ryerson Station State Park, dried up after the nearby Bailey Mine extended its operations underneath the park and caused the dam to crack and release all the water.

" Others agree with the decision, arguing that another good punch would have caused irreversible damage to Taylor, especially considering the tremendous damage Taylor had absorbed already and that he needed an extended stay in the hospital to recuperate.

The paper reported that around noon, it was discovered that the ringing had caused the crack to be greatly extended, and that " the old Independence Bell ... now hangs in the great city steeple irreparably cracked and forever dumb ".

This was extended eastwards in 1951 when the Festival of Britain caused a considerable area to be redeveloped.

:" The occurrence on Seymour Island of sudamericids, that had become extinct in South America in the Paleocene, also indicates that isolation may have allowed extended survival of this Gondwanan group in the Eocene of Antarctica and the factors that caused their extinction did not affect this continent.

Decades of war, massive displacement, and changing power structures caused the collapse of community-support networks and the erosion of the extended family — one of the most basic traditional coping mechanisms.

For example, the service life of bearings in one application was extended dramatically by changing how the bearings were stored before installation and use, as vibrations during storage caused lubricant failure even when the only load on the bearing was its own weight ; the resulting damage is often false brinelling.

This would have caused one wing to block the other if both forelimbs were extended at the same time, leading Senter to conclude that clutching objects to the chest would have only been accomplished with one arm at a time.

Temporary paraesthesiae can be caused by sleeping or poor posture while awkwardly placing weight on one's arm, or by cycling for extended periods of time.