The physical wire connection between the local exchange and the customer is known as a " local loop ", and is owned by the incumbent local exchange carrier ( also referred to as the " ILEC ", " local exchange ", or in the United States either a " Baby Bell " or an independent telephone company ).

New entrants, on the other hand, argue that since they cannot economically duplicate the incumbent's local loop, they cannot actually provide certain services, such as ADSL without LLU, thus allowing the incumbent to monopolise the respective potentially competitive market ( s ) and stifle innovation.

They point out that alternative access technologies, such as wireless local loop, have proven uncompetitive and / or impractical, and that under current pricing models, the incumbent is in many cases, depending on the regulatory model, guaranteed a fair price for the use of its facilities, including an appropriate return on investment.

An incumbent local exchange carrier shall provide such unbundled network elements in a manner that allows requesting carriers to combine such elements in order to provide such telecommunications service.

In 2006 there were the first signs that ( as a result of the municipal fibre networks movement and example such as Sweden where unbundled local loop fibre is commercially available from both the incumbent and competitors ) policy may yet evolve in this direction.

* Landline telephone service continues to be divided between incumbent local exchange carriers and several competing long distance companies.

However, her attempt to block the election of Richard M. Daley, the son of her late mentor, to the prominent position of Cook County States ' Attorney ( chief local prosecutor ) in 1980 failed as Daley defeated Byrne's candidate, 14th Ward Alderman Ed Burke in the Democratic Primary and GOP incumbent Bernard Carey in the general election.

Consumer-oriented ADSL was designed to operate on existing lines already conditioned for Basic Rate Interface ISDN services, which itself is a switched digital service ( non-IP ), though most incumbent local exchange carriers ( ILECs ) provision Rate-Adaptive Digital Subscriber Line ( RADSL ) to work on virtually any available copper pair facility — whether conditioned for BRI or not.

However, most boil down to two simple components: local loop ( the cost the local incumbent charges to transport the signal from the end user's central office, otherwise known as a CO, to the point of presence, otherwise known as a POP, of the carrier ) and the port ( the cost to access the telephone network or the Internet through the carrier's network ).

At the edge of the carrier access network in a traditional PSTN ( public switched telephone network ) scenario, the local loop terminates in a circuit switch housed in an incumbent local exchange carrier telephone exchange.

The local loop may terminate at a circuit switch owned by a competitive local exchange carrier and housed in a point of presence ( POP ), which typically is either an incumbent local exchange carrier telephone exchange or a " carrier hotel ".

Jason Winters, a local businessman, successfully defeated incumbent Democratic Commissioner Mike Dawson in the Democratic Primary election in 2008.

In 2006 Cheshire voters gave strong support to Republican Governor M. Jodi Rell, independent U. S. Senate candidate Joe Lieberman and local Democratic House candidate Chris Murphy, who defeated incumbent Nancy Johnson.

The contest was ultimately decided by a coin toss, with Nelson unseating the incumbent as national and local media looked on.

However, local telephone providers with physical infrastructure, or incumbent local exchange carriers, had such an obligation.

To allow new entrants enough time to fully build out their own networks, the Act requires the incumbent local exchange carriers to make available to entrants, at cost-based wholesale rates, those elements of their network to which entrants needed access in order not to be impaired in their ability to offer telecommunications services.

For example, competition was envisioned between the incumbent local and long distance wireline carriers plus new competitive local exchange carriers, all of which used circuit-switched networks to offer voice services.

Indeed, the average intercarrier compensation rate ranges from 0. 1 cents per minute for traffic bound to an information service provider (“ ISP ”) to 5. 1 cents per minute for intrastate traffic bound to a subscriber of a small ( rural ) incumbent local exchange carrier ; individual rates can be as low as zero and as high as 35. 9 cents per minute — even though in each case basically the same transport and switching functions are provided.

" ( Section 251 ( 3 )( 2 )( B )) This led to the creation of a new group of telephone companies, " Competitive Local Exchange Carriers " ( CLECs ), that compete with " ILECs " or incumbent local exchange carriers.

Originally a national service operated jointly by Canada's incumbent local exchange carriers and operational run as a content portal by MediaLinx, the companies other than Bell ( including Aliant ) have since retreated to their own brands.

Various solutions are being developed which are seen as an alternative to the " last mile " of standard incumbent local exchange carriers: these include WiMAX and BPL ( Broadband over Power Line ) applications.

For many years incumbent local exchange carriers would not sell dark fibre to end users, because they believed selling access to this core asset would cannibalise their other, more lucrative services.

A competitive local exchange carrier ( CLEC ), in the United States, is a telecommunications provider company ( sometimes called a " carrier ") competing with other, already established carriers ( generally the incumbent local exchange carrier ( ILEC )).

Local exchange carriers ( LECs ) are divided into incumbent ( ILECs ) and competitive ( CLECs ).

# redirect incumbent local exchange carrier

The incumbent local exchange carriers in 705 / 249 are Bell Canada, Northern Telephone, Ontera, East Link and some municipally-owned carriers.

A specialist simulation was developed by Nokia called Equilibrium / Arbitrage to have over a two day period five teams of top management of one operator / carrier play a " wargame " against each other, under extremely realistic conditions, with one operator an incumbent fixed and mobile network operator, another a new entrant mobile operator, a third a fixed-line / internet operator etc.

The incumbent local exchange carrier for these area codes is Bell Canada, which acquired the remaining independent company around 1980.

The incumbent local exchange carrier in the 416 and 647 area codes is Bell Canada ; the last independent company in the previous 416 area code region was acquired by Bell Canada around the year 1980.

The main incumbent local exchange carrier in 613 is Bell Canada, although there are some five independent companies serving rural exchanges — the Lansdowne Rural Telephone Company serving Lansdowne ; the North Frontenac Telephone Company serving Sharbot Lake and Parham ; the North Renfrew Telephone Company serving Beachburg, Westmeath, and the area outside of Pembroke ; the Roxborough Telephone Company serving Moose Creek ; and the Westport Telephone Company serving Westport.

The parent company is named Cincinnati Bell Inc. () Its incumbent local exchange carrier subsidiary uses the name Cincinnati Bell Telephone Company LLC, and Cincinnati Bell Wireless provides mobile phone services.

In 1878, it gained exclusive rights to the Bell franchise within a 25-mile ( 40-km ) radius of Cincinnati ; it has substantially the same incumbent local exchange carrier territory today: straddling a 3-state area.

In 1996 the Government of Barbados sought the relegation of. bb to the incumbent local exchange carrier, Cable & Wireless ( BARTEL ) Ltd. A 2001 Memorandum of Understanding was then later signed between the Government of Barbados and both Cable & Wireless ( Bartel ) Ltd. and its sister company Cable & Wireless ( BET ) Ltd., to continue the administration of the ". bb " domains until the government selected alternate directives.

From 1992 to 1997, Northwestel was also an incumbent carrier in 819.

The only incumbent local exchange carrier in 867 is Northwestel, although until 1964, the geographic area now served by 867 did have up to five independent telephone companies, plus Bell Canada.

DS3 service is provided to businesses in the United States through incumbent local exchange carrier and competitive local exchange carrier communication providers.

Northwestel Inc. is the incumbent local exchange carrier ( ILEC ) and long distance carrier in Northern Canada.

In the 1996 presidential election, Clinton was re-elected, receiving 49. 2 % of the popular vote over Republican Bob Dole ( 40. 7 % of the popular vote ) and Reform candidate Ross Perot ( 8. 4 % of the popular vote ), becoming the first Democratic incumbent since Lyndon Johnson to be elected to a second term and the first Democrat since Franklin Roosevelt to be elected President more than once.

Over two-thirds of the members, and all the serving MPs, of the Liberal Party joined this party, led first jointly by Steel and the SDP leader Robert Maclennan, and later by Paddy Ashdown ( 1988 – 99 ), Charles Kennedy ( 1999 – 2006 ), Sir Menzies Campbell ( 2006 – 07 ) and Nick Clegg ( incumbent ).

In the 1980 elections he ran against the incumbent Helmut Schmidt of the Social Democratic Party of Germany ( SPD ), but lost thereafter, as the SPD and the Free Democratic Party ( FDP ) managed to secure an absolute majority together, forming a Social-liberal coalition.

In those days, the emperor's chief task was priestly ( or godly ), containing so many repetitive rituals that it was deemed that after a service of around ten years, the incumbent deserved pampered retirement as an honored former emperor.

With the exceptions of Dr Davis McCaughey ( b. Ireland ), Professor David de Kretser ( b. Ceylon ) and incumbent Alex Chernov ( b. Lithuania ), all subsequent governors have been Australian-born.

According to the legendary Historia Regum Britanniae, of Geoffrey of Monmouth, London was founded by Brutus of Troy after he defeated the incumbent giants Gog and Magog and was known as, ( Latin for New Troy ), which, according to a pseudo-etymology, was corrupted to Trinovantum.

Only when an incumbent president is absolutely absent ( either through resignation, impeachment or death ), the Congress of the Union constitutes itself acts as an electoral college to elect an interim president by absolute majority.

One of the most significant new reforms enacted by the incumbent Puntland administration is the launching in May 2009 of the Puntland Agency for Social Welfare ( PASWE ), the first organization of its kind in Somali history.

Two major entities contested the election: the incumbent PNM, and a coalition called the People's Partnership, comprising the UNC, COP, TOP ( Tobago Organisation of the People ), and two labour and non-governmental organisations: the National Joint Action Committee and the Movement for Social Justice, led by UNC leader Kamla Persad-Bissessar.

There are currently two major blocs of political parties in Venezuela: the incumbent leftist bloc United Socialist Party of Venezuela ( PSUV ), its major allies Fatherland for All ( PPT ) and the Communist Party of Venezuela ( PCV ), and the opposition bloc led by A New Era ( UNT ) together with its allied parties Project Venezuela, Justice First, Movement for Socialism ( Venezuela ) and others.

Former Vice Presidents also ran, in 1984 ( Walter Mondale ), and in 1968 ( Richard Nixon, against the incumbent Vice President Hubert Humphrey ).

The Democratic Party's repudiation of the Bourbon Democrats ( their pro-business wing, represented by incumbent President Grover Cleveland ), set the stage for 36 years of Republican control of the White House, interrupted only by the two terms of Democrat Woodrow Wilson.

The heir to the grand duke of Luxembourg may be titled prince-lieutenant (' prince deputy ') during a period in which the incumbent remains formally on the grand ducal throne, but ( progressively, most ) functions of the crown are performed by the ' monarch apprentice ', as prince Jean ( still alive ) did 4 May 1961-12 November 1964 in the last years of his mother Charlotte's reign ( she lived until 1985 ), and Jean's own son prince Henri 3 March 1998-7 October 2000 until his father abdicated and he succeeded.

In the 2006 elections, several parties claimed to be motivated by his ideas, including the People's Party for Reconstruction and Democracy ( PPRD ), the political party initiated by the incumbent President Joseph Kabila.

By the Interpretation Act of 2005, no incumbent appointee of the Crown is affected by the death of the monarch, nor are they required to take the Oath of Allegiance again, and all references in legislation to previous monarchs, whether in the masculine ( e. g. His Majesty ) or feminine ( e. g. the Queen ), continue to mean the reigning sovereign of Canada, regardless of his or her gender.

The main ISP's in Austria are: Telekom Austria ( incumbent ), UPC, Tele2, and Kabelsignal offering cable services in the area around Vienna.

Former presidents Jimmy Carter and George H. W. Bush, both defeated after only one term ( in 1980 and 1992 respectively ), are eligible to seek the office again, as well as the incumbent Barack Obama, who is eligible to seek a second term.

After winning four terms to the Massachusetts House of Representatives between 1962 and 1970 ( and winning the Democratic nomination for lieutenant governor in 1970 ), Dukakis was elected governor in 1974, defeating the incumbent Republican Francis Sargent during a period of fiscal crisis.

In a turnout of 35 percent, Duncan unseated the incumbent Democrat, Ronald M. " Ron " LeLeux ( born 1955 ), 2, 555 ( 54 percent ) to 2, 156 ( 46 percent ).

In late 2009, Judith Flanagan Kennedy became mayor by a margin of only 27 votes ( out of a vote total of over 16, 000 ), beating out two-term incumbent mayor Edward J. Clancy.