He borrowed the German word for ' environment ', Umwelt, to describe the individual's subjective world, and he invented the concept of functional circle ( Funktionskreis ) as a general model of sign processes.

Thought generally refers to any mental or intellectual activity involving an individual's subjective consciousness.

Comorbid or co-occurring anxiety disorders may also play a role in the subjective experience of schizoaffective disorder and thus may shape the individual's delusional thought content.

In neoclassical economics, the rate of time preference is usually taken as a parameter in an individual's utility function which captures the trade off between consumption today and consumption in the future, and is thus exogenous and subjective.

In turn, this leads to a third important conclusion: the mere act of voluntary trade increases total wealth in society, where wealth is understood to refer to an individual's subjective valuation of all of his possessions.

That is, the process of constructing knowledge is dependent on the individual's subjective interpretation of the experience not what " actually " occurred.

Many philosophers have searched for a source of normative values which is independent of the individual's subjective morality and consequently objective and ' true ' in nature.

" This definition includes both objective and subjective criteria: membership of a minority group is objectively ascribed by society, based on an individual's physical or behavioral characteristics ; it is also subjectively applied by its members, who may use their status as the basis of group identity or solidarity.

Although the census question on nationality was supposed to be only subjective and not determined by the official nationality in an individual's passport, the fixing of official nationality on so many official records may well have reinforced non-Russian identities.

However, Titchener's hypothesis was thrown out once tested and results showed that the enhancement of preferences for objects did not depend on the individual's subjective impressions of how familiar the objects were.

Connection based theories propose that subjective feelings are responsible for an individual's reluctance to trade ( i. e. the endowment effect ).

Representations of these groupings are highly subjective, as they depend critically on the individual's perception of the features of the items and the individual ’ s semantic network.

The movement now focuses entirely on " Knowledge ", which is a set of simple instructions on how adherents should live .</ small ></ ref > According to Ron Geaves, Rawat speaks spontaneously, with an emphasis on an individual's subjective experience rather than on a body of theoretical knowledge, and he draws upon real life experiences, including his own, rather than on interpretations of the scriptures.

This theoretically builds a subjective conception of the self, but as others intrude into the reality of that individual's life, this represents objective data which may require a re-evaluation of that conception depending on the authoritativeness of the others ' judgment.

The theory states that attitude toward behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control, together shape an individual's behavioral intentions and behaviors.

For there is also the `` face of reality '' in the form of the individual's perceptions of his own abilities and interests, of the objective possibilities open to him, of the familial and other social pressures to which he is exposed.

The process of social control is operative insofar as sanctions play a part in the individual's behavior, as well as the group's behavior.

First, and most obvious, was the growing nationalism and the tendency to regard the state, and the individual's identification with the state, as transcending other ties of social solidarity.

Spain has had a number of isolated and endogamous social groups where an individual's mores, culture and worth is set at birth.

Because an individual's degree of impairment is often not correlated with symptom counts, and can stem from various individual and social factors, the DSM's standard of distress or disability can often produce false positives.

Its most common meaning, however, pertains to two principal ideals ; that social life should be structured through well-defined and well-regulated classes ( varna ), and that an individual's life within a class should be organized into defined stages ( ashrama, see dharmasastra ).

Many researchers are interested in the interaction between personal characteristics, the individual's behavior, and environmental factors including social context, and their impact on development ; others take a more narrowly-focused approach.

Speakers in the plays of Aeschylus and Sophocles sometimes distinguished between slaves who are servile by nature and those who are slaves by mere circumstance but Euripides's speakers go further, positing an individual's mental rather than social or physical condition as the true index of worth.

He compared the market to a game in which ' there is no point in calling the outcome just or unjust ' and argued that ' social justice is an empty phrase with no determinable content '; likewise " the results of the individual's efforts are necessarily unpredictable, and the question as to whether the resulting distribution of incomes is just has no meaning.

According to contribution-based theories, goods should be distributed to match an individual's contribution to the overall social good.

Neuropsychological experiments have suggested that hemispheric asymmetry can affect an individual's personality ( particularly in social settings ) for individuals with NLD ( non-verbal learning disorder ), which is marked by the impairment of nonverbal information controlled by the right hemisphere of the brain.

" This perspective was anticipated and critiqued as misunderstanding Surrealism's point in being a social critique and a reflection on the individual's presuppositions so that they may be critically questioned.

Health-cased social research reveals that by not applying universal precautions universally, as is the purpose, health professionals are instead making judgements based on an individual's health status.

Asperger syndrome ( AS ) is one of the autism spectrum disorders ( ASD ) or pervasive developmental disorders ( PDD ), which are a spectrum of psychological conditions that are characterized by abnormalities of social interaction and communication that pervade the individual's functioning, and by restricted and repetitive interests and behavior.

As an epistemology of science, realism can be defined as a perspective which takes as its central point of departure the view that external social realities exist in the outer world and that these realities are independent of the individual's perception of them.

Overall, Durkheim treated suicide as a social fact, explaining variations in its rate on a macro level, considering society-scale phenomena such as lack of connections between people ( group attachment ) and lack of regulations of behavior, rather than individual's feelings and motivations.

Some of the most significant influences on an individual's decision to become an entrepreneur are workplace peers and the social composition of the workplace.

George Herbert Mead ( 1902 – 1994 ) developed a theory of social behaviorism to explain how social experience develops an individual's personality.

" Based on his findings, Fink suggests that, " Instead of endorsing these reports as the direct consequence of ECT, especially in patients who have recovered from their depressive illness, lost their suicidal drive, and have improved social functioning, is it not more useful to accept the complaint as a somatoform disorder, explore the basis in the individual's history and experience, and offer appropriate supportive treatment?

Bridging social capital is argued to have a host of other benefits for societies, governments, individuals, and communities ; Putnam likes to note that joining an organization cuts in half an individual's chance of dying within the next year.

Marxist economics refers instead to " an individual's social capital-individuals are sources neither of creativity and innovation, nor management skill.

Sociological analysts refer to " individual-level elements of social capital " or " an individual's social capital " or just " individual social capital " while economic analysts often use the phrase firm-specific human capital.

He said specifically, " the Second Amendment protects an individual's right to keep and bear arms ," thus embracing the position that the second amendment expresses an individual, not collective, right.

More recent scholarly work has cast serious doubts on this traditional view and most aspects of this individual's life and position.

A somewhat different view was expressed by John Roemer who used the term nondiscrimination principle to mean that " all individuals who possess the attributes relevant for the performance of the duties of the position in question be included in the pool of eligible candidates, and that an individual's possible occupancy of the position be judged only with respect to those relevant attributes.

The lithotomy position involves the positioning of an individual's feet above or at the same level as the hips ( often in stirrups ), with the perineum positioned at the edge of an examination table.

In personal finance, net worth ( or wealth ) refers to an individual's net economic position ; similarly, it uses the value of all assets ( long term assets ) minus the value of all liabilities.

Since that year, the constitution, while maintaining the official position, has also recognized the individual's right to their own conscience concerning these matters.

Obtaining the position of a highly ranked Wrangler created many opportunities for the individual's subsequent profession.

The Parachute Rigger badge can be revoked when the Parachutist Badge is revoked, when an individual refuses an order to make a parachute jump with a parachute the individual packed, or when the individual initiates an action which results in withdrawal of the individual's MOS before the individual completes 36 months in a parachute position.

An individual's " social endowment " can be abilities attributed to the individual's position within a social hierarchy.

Astrologers believe that the position of the stars and planets determine an individual's personality and future.

Before advancing to a new school or position, the individual's record must first be deemed acceptable ".

Opisthotonus or opisthotonos, from Greek roots, opistho meaning " behind " and tonos meaning " tension ", is a state of a severe hyperextension and spasticity in which an individual's head, neck and spinal column enter into a complete " bridging " or " arching " position.

Tests designed to determine an individual's aptitude for a particular position, company or industry may be referred to as personnel assessment tools.

Thus, to the extent that internal cues are weak, ambiguous, or uninterpretable, the individual is functionally in the same position as an outside observer, an observer who must necessarily rely upon those same external cues to infer the individual's inner states.

Social position together with social role determines individual's place in the social environment and social organisation.

The earlier more primitive position is the paranoid-schizoid position and if an individual's environment and up-bringing are satisfactory, she or he will progress through the depressive position.

Like Zhu Xi, Ansai firmly believed that an individual's moral duties reflected his specific social position ( meibun ).

In support of the mission statement of NARTH, he concluded, " The individual's right for self-determination of sexuality -- or sexual autonomy -- is, I am happy to see, inherent in NARTH's position statement: ' NARTH respects each client's dignity, autonomy, and free agency ... every individual has the right to claim a gay identity, or to develop their heterosexual potential.