There appear to be mechanisms by which an external chemotactic gradient is sensed and turned into an intracellular PIP3 gradient, which results in a gradient and the activation of a signaling pathway, culminating in the polymerisation of actin filaments.

Janus kinase ( JAK ) is a family of intracellular, nonreceptor tyrosine kinases that transduce cytokine-mediated signals via the JAK-STAT pathway.

The MAM may also be part of the secretory pathway, in addition to its role in intracellular lipid trafficking.

* MAPK / ERK pathway: A pathway that couples intracellular responses to the binding of growth factors to cell surface receptors.

This subsequently affects both the stimulation of ligand-mediated receptors and intracellular signaling pathway activation.

A protein having an important role in lissencephaly and accordingly called LIS1 ( PAFAH1B1 ), was shown to interact with the intracellular segment of VLDLR, thus reacting to the activation of reelin pathway.

It also functions as signal transducer / integrator to regulate MAPK pathway, ROS, as well as intracellular calcium.

Based on their findings, dygeusia results from loss of microvilli and the reduction of Type III intracellular vesicles, all of which could potentially interfere with the gustatory pathway.

The signal is transduced by GPCR receptors, but the intracellular pathway is not yet known.

In the pathway initiated by activation of climbing fibers, calcium enters the postsynaptic cell through voltage-gated ion channels, raising intracellular calcium levels.

This intracellular sensor detects low cholesterol levels and stimulates endogenous production by the HMG-CoA reductase pathway, as well as increasing lipoprotein uptake by up-regulating the LDL-receptor.

Binding to the IGF1R, a receptor tyrosine kinase, initiates intracellular signaling ; IGF-1 is one of the most potent natural activators of the AKT signaling pathway, a stimulator of cell growth and proliferation, and a potent inhibitor of programmed cell death.

* T tubule: transverse intracellular tubules invaginating from the cell membrane and surrounding the myofibrils of the T system of skeletal and cardiac muscle, serving as a pathway for the spread of electrical excitation within a muscle cell

In the Wnt / Calcium pathway, Wnt5a and Frizzled regulate intracellular calcium levels.

This process involves two distinct pathways for processing of antigens from an organism's own ( self ) proteins or intracellular pathogens ( e. g. viruses ), or from phagocytosed pathogens ( e. g. bacteria ); subsequent presentation of these antigens on class I or class II MHC molecules is dependent on which pathway is used.

Because of the build-up of glucose, the polyol pathway increases its flux, and intracellular sorbitol and fructose accumulate.

The bitter compounds thus activate both the taste receptors on the cell surface, as well as the signaling pathway proteins in the intracellular space.

This pathway increases the intracellular levels of 12-HPETE ( 12-Hydroperoxy-5, 8, 10, 14-Eicosatetraenoic Acid ), which induces cGMP signaling and subsequently causes a decrease in the cAMP / cGMP ratio.

AgRP is stored in intracellular secretory granules and is secreted via a regulated pathway.

The activation of these receptors by ACh will activate an intracellular Gq protein, that in turn will activate the PLC pathway, that will end in an increase of intracellular calcium concentrations and therefore contraction of the smooth muscle cell.

# A cytoplasmic C-terminal domain ( CTD ) consisting of a pair of RCK domains that assemble into an octameric gating ring on the intracellular side of the tetrameric channel.

Ferritin is a globular protein complex consisting of 24 protein subunits and is the primary intracellular iron-storage protein in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, keeping iron in a soluble and non-toxic form.

A second membrane ion exchanger, NCX, is responsible for ' pumping ' calcium ions out of the cell and sodium ions in ( 3Na / Ca ); raised intracellular sodium levels inhibit this pump, so calcium ions are not extruded and will also begin to build up inside the cell.

This increase in intracellular sodium makes the actions of the Na / Ca exchange pump unfavorable, thereby decreasing sodium influx and calcium efflux via this pump.

The G-protein's α subunit, together with the bound GTP, can then dissociate from the β and γ subunits to further affect intracellular signaling proteins or target functional proteins directly depending on the α subunit type ( G < sub > αs </ sub >, G < sub > αi / o </ sub >, G < sub > αq / 11 </ sub >, G < sub > α12 / 13 </ sub >).

JAKs associate with a proline-rich region in each intracellular domain, which is adjacent to the cell membrane and called a box1 / box2 region.

In eukaryotic cells, most intracellular proteins activated by a ligand / receptor interaction possess an enzymatic activity ; examples include tyrosine kinase and phosphatases.

First messengers are the intracellular chemical messengers ( hormones, neurotransmitters, and paracrine / autocrine agents ) which reach the cell from the extracellular fluid and bind to their specific receptors.

These age onset degenerative diseases are associated with the aggregation of misfolded proteins into insoluble, extracellular aggregates and / or intracellular inclusions including cross-beta sheet amyloid fibrils.

Some peptide / protein hormones ( angiotensin II, basic fibroblast growth factor-2, parathyroid hormone-related protein ) also interact with intracellular receptors located in the cytoplasm or nucleus by an intracrine mechanism.

In general, the relaxation of smooth muscle is by cell-signaling pathways that increase the myosin phosphatase activity, decrease the intracellular calcium levels, hyperpolarize the smooth muscle, and / or regulate actin and myosin dynamics.

Per Guyton, in a body containing 40 litres of fluid, about 25 litres is intracellular, which amounts to 62. 5 % ( 5 / 8 ), close enough to the 2 / 3 rule of thumb.

The G-protein's α subunit, together with the bound GTP, can then dissociate from the β and γ subunits to further affect intracellular signaling proteins or target functional proteins directly depending on the α subunit type ( G < sub > αs </ sub >, G < sub > αi / o </ sub >, G < sub > αq / 11 </ sub >, G < sub > α12 / 13 </ sub >).

Engagement of CD14 ( even at doses as minute as 10 pg / mL ) results in intracellular signaling via an associated " Toll-like receptor " protein 4 ( TLR-4 ), resulting in profound activation of mononuclear cells and production of potent effector cytokines such as IL-1 and TNF-α.

These channels are activated ( opened ) by changes in membrane electrical potential and / or by increases in concentration of intracellular calcium ion ( Ca < sup > 2 +</ sup >).

Regulation of SERT has been linked to acute depletion of intracellular Ca Na < sup > 2 +</ sup >, calmodulin inhibition, CaMKII, Src, p38 MAP kinase, PKC, and activation of NOS / cGMP.

Regulation of APC / C < sup > Cdc20 </ sup > activity towards metaphase substrates like securin and cyclin B may be a result of intracellular localization.

Legionella pneumophila, the causing agent of legionellosis ( Legionnaires ' disease ) utilizes a type IVB secretion system, known as the icm / dot ( intracellular multiplication / deffect in organelle trafficking genes ) system, to translocate numerous effector proteins into its eukaryotic host.

A phosphodiesterase inhibitor is a drug that blocks one or more of the five subtypes of the enzyme phosphodiesterase ( PDE ), therefore preventing the inactivation of the intracellular second messengers cyclic adenosine monophosphate ( cAMP ) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate ( cGMP ) by the respective PDE subtype ( s ).

Like other methylated xanthine derivatives, pentoxifylline is a competitive nonselective phosphodiesterase inhibitor which raises intracellular cAMP, activates PKA, inhibits TNF and leukotriene synthesis, and reduces inflammation and innate immunity.

# competitive nonselective phosphodiesterase inhibitor which raises intracellular cAMP, activates PKA, inhibits TNF-alpha and leukotriene synthesis, and reduces inflammation and innate immunity and