The dreaded instrument became synonymous in Western European languages with what was seen as the tyrannical cruelty of the autocratic government of Russia, much as the sjambok brought to mind the Apartheid government of South Africa or the bullwhip was associated with the period of slavery and Jim Crow laws in America.

Apartheid laws can be generally divided into following acts.

Since the 1960s the Apartheid laws had been weakened.

In 1999, he was given an award by South African president Nelson Mandela for refusing to referee fights in South Africa while the Apartheid laws were still in use there.

Category: Apartheid laws in South Africa

In 1950 members of the Springbok Legion began to work with other more liberal organizations and even the United Party official opposition, to find new ways to mobilise protest support against a string of Apartheid laws.

These removals were due to Apartheid laws like the Group Areas Act.

Category: Apartheid laws in South Africa

Category: Apartheid laws in South Africa

Category: Apartheid laws in South Africa

Category: Apartheid laws in South Africa

During the Apartheid regime ( 1948 – 93 ) certain East Asian nationals ( such as Japan and Taiwan – not Chinese ) in South Africa were declared honorary whites and thus avoided most forms of official discriminatory laws ( they could live in reserved white neighborhoods unlike black, Chinese, and Asian-Indian South Africans ), since Apartheid created a strict racial segregation system for non-white / European persons ( esp.

Category: Apartheid laws in South Africa

*: Category: Apartheid laws in South Africa

Category: Apartheid laws in South Africa

He fought against the Apartheid laws and in 1955 the ANC gave him the rare honour of bestowing on him the title Isitwalandwe at the famous Freedom Congress in Kliptown.

It asserts that " World Jewish Zionism " constitutes " the last racist ideology still surviving " and that Israel is " the last outpost of Apartheid in the World ", which, " by its mere existence " demonstrates " a complete defiance to all international laws, rules and principles ".

Category: Apartheid laws in South Africa

Category: Apartheid laws in South Africa

The Apartheid laws of this time made any form of multiracial gatherings illegal, yet Scouting activities continued in defiance of these laws.

Ironically many of these laws, like Apartheid laws that criminalized sexual relations between consenting adults of different races, are relics of the colonial era and are increasingly becoming recognized as anachronistic and as inconsistent both with international law and with traditional values of dignity, inclusion and respect for all ....

* 1950 – Apartheid: In South Africa, the Group Areas Act is passed formally segregating races.

On 7 August 1963, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 181 calling for a voluntary arms embargo against South Africa, and in the same year, a Special Committee Against Apartheid was established to encourage and oversee plans of action against the authorities.

In November 1962, the United Nations General Assembly passed Resolution 1761, a non-binding resolution establishing the United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid and called for imposing economic and other sanctions on South Africa.

Some ANC members were upset by the actions of the MK, and refused to accept violence as necessary for the ending of Apartheid, but these individuals became a minority as the militant leaders such as Nelson Mandela gained significant popularity.

As early as 1949, the youth wing of the African National Congress ( ANC ) advocated the abolishment of Apartheid and suggested fighting against racial segregation by various methods.

Through the 1990s, residential segregation remained at its extreme and has been called " hypersegregation " by some sociologists or " American Apartheid "

Later however-following the Act of Union of 1910 to form the Union of South Africa-this multi-racial universal suffrage was steadily eroded, and eventually abolished by the Apartheid government in 1948.

A 1998 study by South Africa's Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation & the Khulumani Support Group, which surveyed several hundred victims of human-rights abuse during the Apartheid era, found that most felt that the TRC had failed to achieve reconciliation between the black and white communities.

* Opposition against Apartheid in South Africa and worldwide grows to a mass international condemnation of racial segregation policies comes to a peak by December 1989 in the Springbok summit when SA President de Klerk grants clemency to imprisoned ANC activist Nelson Mandela who was released in February 1990.

** Apartheid: The African National Congress in South Africa publishes a statement by their imprisoned leader Nelson Mandela.

* September 6 – In Cape Town, the South African architect of Apartheid, Prime Minister Hendrik Verwoerd, is stabbed to death by Dimitri Tsafendas during a parliamentary meeting.

* Introductory note by John Dugard on the International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid in the Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law

* The Irony of Apartheid: the struggle for national independence of Afrikaner Calvinism against British imperialism by Irving Hexham, New York: Edwin Mellen Press, c1981, ISBN 0-88946-904-0

Tosh also participated in the international opposition to South African apartheid by appearing at Anti-Apartheid concerts and by conveying his opinion in various songs like " Apartheid " ( 1977, re-recorded 1987 ), " Equal Rights " ( 1977 ), " Fight On " ( 1979 ), and " Not Gonna Give It Up " ( 1983 ).

The South African government seeks to redress the inequalities of Apartheid by giving previously disadvantaged groups ( black Africans, Coloureds and Indians who are SA citizens ) economic opportunities previously not available to them.

Also in 1985 Cliff contributed to the song " Sun City ," a protest song written and composed by Steven Van Zandt and recorded by Artists United Against Apartheid to convey opposition to the South African policy of apartheid.

** Resolution 3068: International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid adopted and opened for signature, and ratification by Resolution 3068, 30 November 1973, and entered into force on 18 July 1976.

Under Apartheid, under the Population Registration Act as amended, the term Cape Coloured referred to a subset of Coloured South Africans, with subjective criteria having been used by the bureaucracy to determine whether a person was a Cape Coloured, or belonged to one of a number of other related subgroups such as the " Cape Malays ", or " Other Coloureds ".

Later however-following the Act of Union of 1910 to form the Union of South Africa-this multi-racial universal suffrage was steadily eroded, and eventually abolished by the Apartheid government in 1948.

* Don't Play with Apartheid: Background to the Stop the Seventy Tour Campaign by Peter Hain, 1971, Allen & U ISBN 0-0430 ...

In the same year he joined his father Ringo Starr on Sun City by Artists United Against Apartheid.

Voëlvry tapped into a growing dissatisfaction with the Apartheid system amongst white Afrikaans speakers, and thus Voëlvry represents the musical branch of opposition that was paralleled by literature and the arts.

In a resurgence that has been linked by some to freedom from Apartheid guilt, Afrikaans music saw a surge in new artists, album releases and sales after 2000.

Until 1994, South African Tswana people were notionally citizens of Bophuthatswana, one of the few bantustans that actually became reality as planned by the Apartheid regime.

In 1976 Black school children in Soweto protested at being taught in Afrikaans, which had been pushed by the Apartheid authorities concerned at the growing refusal of the Black population to speak it.