After Duke Eudes's defeat, Aquitaine pledged allegiance formally to the new rising Carolingian dynasty, but still remained out of Frankish central rule until 768 ( Duke Waifer defeated ).

Philip II had annexed Normandy and Anjou, plus capturing the Counts of Boulogne and Flanders, although Aquitaine and Gascony remained loyal to the Plantagenet King.

He fled to Prince Ptolemy's fortress in Tusculum on 8 April and remained there, where he met the returning Crusader king Louis VII of France and his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine.

John left Portugal for Aquitaine, and he remained in that province until he returned to England in November 1389.

However, the status of the Duchy of Aquitaine remained a sore point, and tension increased.

It remained under the rule of counts who pledged allegiance to the Aquitanian dukes up to the destructive assault of Pepin the Short on independent Aquitaine starting in 760, when Basque troops are found defending the town along with its count.

In 1360 both sides signed the Treaty of Bretigny, in which Edward renounced the French crown but remained sovereign Lord of Aquitaine ( rather than merely Duke ).

With the end of the Hundred Years ' War, Aquitaine returned to direct rule of the King of France and remained in the possession of the King.

In July 1362 his father ( Edward III ) made him Prince of Aquitaine and he remained in that province until he returned to England in 1371, probably already a sick man.

The new duchy of Aquitaine, comprising the three districts already mentioned, remained in the hands of Ramulf's successors, in spite of some trouble with their Frankish overlords, until 893 when Count Rainulf II.

This marriage also induced a juridisctional transaction that shaped the borders of the Northern Basque Country: Lower Navarre was definitively annexed to Navarre, while Labourd and Soule remained as parts of Angevine Aquitaine.

Aquitaine ( including the Duchy of Vasconia ) pledged formal allegiance to the Frankish leaders several times ( Odo in 732, Hunald in 736 after being defeated ), but remained actually independent.

Toulouse became part of Aquitaine — cut from Narbonne and the Mediterranean region where Visigothic rule remained — a diminished capital city within the scarcely integrated Frankish kingdom.

Henry agreed to renounce control of Maine, Anjou and Poitou, which had been lost under the reign of King John but remained Duke of Aquitaine and was able to keep the lands of Gascony and parts of Aquitaine but only as a vassal to Louis.

In 1371 Jean de Grailly was appointed constable of Aquitaine, but was taken prisoner next year and interned in the Temple at Paris where, resisting all the tempting offers of the French king, he remained till his death five years later.

He was installed by the King of Aquitaine, Pepin I, and remained a Frankish vassal.

Bernard remained outside the battle awaiting its result, upon which he sent his son William to offer homage to Charles the Bald and to promise him that his father would obtain the submission of Pepin II, the rebellious son of Pepin, who was claiming to rule Aquitaine.

In 1154, the Aquitaine Duchy, entered into the Kingdom of England, by the marriage of Alinéor of Aquitaine with Henri II Plantagenêt, and remained so up to 1453.

On 8 August 1356, the eldest son of King Edward III of England, crowned as the Prince of Wales but now known as Edward, the Black Prince, began a great chevauchée, conducting many scorched earth raids northwards from the English base in Aquitaine, in an effort to bolster his troops in central France, as well as to raid and ravage the countryside.

As part of Aquitaine, it was ruled by England between 1151 to 1452 and was a key commercial center at the southern end of the English kingdom.

He was also unsuccessful on the Continent, where he endeavoured to re-establish English control over Normandy, Anjou, and Aquitaine.

On the continent the French pressed the English as the French army invaded English Plantagenet Aquitaine.

* Eleanor of Aquitaine leaves the English court of Henry II to establish her own court in Poitiers.

In 1325, Edward II was faced with a demand from the French king, Charles IV, to perform homage for the English Duchy of Aquitaine.

In 1337, Philip VI confiscated the English king's duchy of Aquitaine and the county of Ponthieu.

It passed to France in 1137 when the duchess Eleanor of Aquitaine married Louis VII of France, but their marriage was annulled in 1152 and when Eleanor's new husband became Henry II of England in 1154, the area became an English possession.

Links between Aquitaine and England were strengthened, with large quantities of wine produced in southwestern France being exported to London, Southampton, and other English ports.

He was also unsuccessful on the Continent, where he endeavoured to re-establish English control over Normandy, Anjou, and Aquitaine.

Gascon forces destroyed the bastide, and in turn Charles attacked the English-held Montpezat: the assault was unsuccessful, but in the subsequent War of Saint-Sardos Isabella's uncle, Charles of Valois, successfully wrestled Aquitaine from English control ; by 1324, Charles had declared Edward's lands forfeit and had occupied the whole of Aquitaine apart from the coastal areas.

" Charles went on to refuse to return the lands in Aquitaine to Edward, resulting in a provisional agreement under which Edward resumed administration of the remaining English territories in early 1326 whilst France continued to occupy the rest.

The island became English in 1154, when Alienor d ' Aquitaine became queen of England through her marriage with Henry Plantagenet.

* William Marshal is a central character in the traditional English ballad " Queen Elanor's Confession " ( Child 156 ), in which he is ( fictitiously ) revealed to have seduced Eleanor of Aquitaine while escorting her to England.

As Duke of Aquitaine, the English king Edward I was a vassal to Philip, and had to pay him homage.

The Treaty of Bretigny, signed on 8 May 1360, ceded a third of western France — mostly in Aquitaine and Gascony – to the English, and lowered the King's ransom to 3 million ecus.

Gascon forces destroyed the bastide, and in turn Charles attacked the English-held Montpezat: the assault was unsuccessful, but in the subsequent War of Saint-Sardos Charles ' trusted uncle and advisor, Charles of Valois, successfully wrestled Aquitaine from English control ; by 1324, Charles had declared Edward's lands forfeit and had occupied the whole of Aquitaine apart from the coastal areas.

Despite this, Charles refused to return the lands in Aquitaine to the English king, resulting in a provisional agreement under which Edward resumed administration of the remaining English territories in early 1326 whilst France continued to occupy the rest.

In 1362, the Black Prince was invested as Prince of Aquitaine, a region of France which belonged to the English Crown since the marriage of Eleanor of Aquitaine and Henry II.

However, there was a catch: the land would remain independent of France until Eleanor's oldest son became both King of the Franks and Duke of Aquitaine.

With his primary heir dead, Henry rearranged the plans for the succession: Richard was to be made King of England, albeit without any actual power until the death of his father ; Geoffrey would retain Brittany ; and John would now become the Duke of Aquitaine in place of Richard.

The dispute over the kingship of Aquitaine was not fully settled until 860.

From the 13th century until the French Revolution, Aquitaine was usually known as Guyenne.

When Pepin died in 838, Louis crowned Charles king of Aquitaine whilst the nobility elected Pepin's son Pepin II, a conflict which was not resolved until 860 with Pepin's death.

The account goes as follows: " The cardinals dallied with their duty until March 1314, ( exact day is disputed by scholars ) when, on a scaffold in front of Notre Dame, Jacques de Molay, Templar Grand Master, Geoffroi de Charney, Master of Normandy, Ilugues de Peraud, Visitor of France, and Godefroi de Gonneville, Master of Aquitaine, were brought forth from the jail in which for nearly seven years they had lain, to receive the sentence agreed upon by the cardinals, in conjunction with the Archbishop of Sens and some other prelates whom they had called in.

Charles was put under the protection of Ranulf II, the Duke of Aquitaine, who may have tried to claim the throne for him and in the end used the royal title himself until making peace with Odo.

As a successor state for the Visigothic Kingdom ( 418 – 721 ), Aquitania ( Aquitaine ) and Languedoc ( Toulouse ) inherited the Visigothic Law and Roman Law which had combined to allow women more rights than their contemporaries would enjoy until the 20th century.

* Ranulph II ( 887 – 890 ), son of previous, also Count of Poitiers, called himself King of Aquitaine from 888 until his death.

There is no indication to resistance to Roman occupation in all the Basque area ( excepting Aquitaine ) until the late feudalizing period.

As a successor state for the Visigothic Kingdom and Kingdom of Aquitaine, Tolouse, along with Aquitania and Languedoc ( but not Gascony ), inherited the Visigothic Law and Roman Law which had combined to allow women more rights than their contemporaries would enjoy until the 20th century.

It became the seat of a Catholic archdiocese, the Archdiocese of Auch, covering the whole of Gascony, which lasted until the French Revolution, and whose archbishops claimed the title of Primate of Aquitaine, Novempopulana, and of the kingdom of Navarre.

On the death of Charles the Fat in 888, he styled himself King of Aquitaine and did so until 889 or his death, after which the title fell into abeyance.

He claimed the Duchy of Aquitaine from his father's death, but the royal chancery did not recognise his ducal title until the year before his own death.

She banished his paramours, they separated twice for long periods, and finally he retired to a monastery, as his father had done, leaving Emma to rule Aquitaine in the name of their son William until 1004.

William V ( 969 – 31 January 1030 ), called the Great ( le Grand ), was Duke of Aquitaine and Count of Poitou ( as William II or III ) from 990 until his death.

He seems to have taken after his formidable mother, who ruled Aquitaine as regent until 1004.

This became Fontevraud Abbey, which would enjoy the patronage of William's granddaughter Eleanor of Aquitaine and would remain important until its dissolvement during the French Revolution.

As a successor state for the Visigothic Kingdom ( 418 – 721 ), Aquitania ( Aquitaine ) and Languedoc ( Toulouse ) inherited the Visigothic Law and Roman Law which had combined to allow women more rights than their contemporaries would enjoy until the 20th century.

The count's local representative, the Vicomte de Châtellerault was established as a hereditary appointment by the time of Airaud who was probably a kinsman of the counts of Auvergne and dukes of Aquitaine ; his heirs were vicomtes ( viscounts ) until the mid-11th century.