She carried, besides her captain, a crew of twenty-one and provisions for a voyage of exploration of the Arctic waters of North America.

She was also offended by Palin's support for Arctic oil exploration and for her lack of consideration in protecting polar bears.

The expedition has been organized by the Russian Geographical Society and the Russian Book of Records recorded the journey as the first expedition in the history of Arctic exploration to reach the Geographic North Pole using wheeled land auto vehicles.

* Arctic exploration

Increased interest in petroleum exploration in the Arctic increased interest in resolution of the dispute.

Canadian author Ken McGoogan, a specialist on Arctic exploration, states that Rae's willingness to learn and adopt the ways of indigenous Arctic peoples made him stand out as the foremost specialist of his time in cold-climate survival and travel.

He is most famous as an Arctic explorer, and an advocate of international cooperation for scientific polar exploration.

A mint spokesman said the kayaker is simply meant to represent the indigenous people of the North and their role in Arctic exploration.

She has also voted to remove an amendment that would allow for oil and gas exploration in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.

In 1631, he sponsored the Arctic exploration of Luke Fox ; Roes Welcome Sound was named in his honor.

* Arctic exploration

His name is perpetuated by that of Melville Sound and Melville Island, Canada because of his interest in Arctic exploration.

Coleman supported additional oil exploration in the outer continental shelf, but maintained a campaign promise to oppose drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge ( ANWR ).

On December 11, 2005, Coleman voted in favor of invoking cloture on, thus advancing, a defense appropriations bill that included oil exploration in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.

As an explorer, Nordenskiöld was naturally interested in the history of Arctic exploration, especially as evidenced in old maps.

* Russian-Soviet polar stations and their role in the Arctic Seas exploration

Though hampered by a lack of supplies and an epidemic among the local people, he proved that the interior could be explored by the use of suitably constructed sledges, and thus contributed an important advance to Arctic exploration.

Fort Conger was an early Arctic exploration research base, and is now maintained as a Federal Heritage Building.

" In July 2008, the Republican Conference introduced the American Energy Act, which included a key Nunes proposal from the American-Made Energy Freedom Act to establish a renewable energy trust fund from revenues generated by deep ocean and Arctic coastal plain exploration and invest the monies in alternative fuels and technology.

With husband and fellow member Henry Pym, the pair were en route via ship to a research base in the Arctic Circle, there to study the effect of oil exploration on the environment.

* Arctic exploration

* Petroleum exploration in the Arctic

Halkett's boats were used extensively for Arctic exploration, including several of the expeditions mounted to search for Sir John Franklin's lost expedition.

Often, this involved being placed in a hostile environment ( the Arctic, the open sea, deserts ), or unwittingly becoming involved in a larger conflict or conspiracy.

Plesetsk is used especially for military satellites placed into high inclination and polar orbits since the range for falling debris is clear to the north which is largely uninhabited Arctic and polar terrain.

The ancient grammarian Simmias of Rhodes in the 3rd century BC connected the Hyperboreans to the Massagetae and Posidonius in the 1st century BC to the Western Celts, but Pomponius Mela placed them even further north in the vicinity of the Arctic.

An Axis powers conference on 18 January 1942 placed a proposed north-south running demarcation line at 70 ° east longitude, going southwards through the Ob River's Arctic estuary, southwards to just east of Khost in Afghanistan and heading into the Indian Ocean just west of Rajkot in India comprising the land area of Eurasia that it crossed, to split the Lebensraum land holdings of Nazi Germany and the similar spazio vitale areas of Fascist Italy to the west of it, and the Empire of Japan ( and the Co-Prosperity Sphere ) to the east of it, after a complete defeat of the Soviet Union by the Third Reich.

* 1988 – The Danish Arctic Ocean patrol cutter arrived at the island, built a cairn and placed a flagpole and Danish flag on the island.

During this effort, the team surveyed the boundary from the Pacific to Arctic Oceans, placed boundary markers, and cleared wooded areas to provide a clear line of sight between markers.

In August 1962, as a result of the reorganization of the Army, the Arctic Test Board was established as a Class II activity and placed under the command of the U. S. Army Test and Evaluation Command ( TECOM ).

In Arctic regions, cold weather does not make a cradleboard feasible for the infant's survival, and infants are carried by being placed in a sling worn under the mother's parka.

Fourteen stations were deployed in Arctic and sub-Arctic regions ( Greenland, Bear Island, Spitsbergen and Franz Josef Land ) and five were placed around the Barents Sea.

Recently, there has been much interest in the possibility of exploiting seabed resources in the Arctic Ocean, bordered by Canada, Denmark, Iceland, Norway, Russia and the United States ( see Territorial claims in the Arctic ).

In the 17th century, many claims of the island's rediscovery were made, spurred by the rivalry on the Arctic whaling grounds, and the island received many names.

Norway ( ratified the convention in 1996 ), Russia ( ratified in 1997 ), Canada ( ratified in 2003 ) and Denmark ( ratified in 2004 ) have all launched projects to base claims that certain areas of Arctic continental shelves should be subject to their sole sovereign exploitation.

Disagreements about the sector principle or extension of territory to the North Pole and to the definition of internal waters in the Arctic lie behind differences in territorial claims in the Arctic.

This claim is recognized by most countries with some exceptions, including the United States ; Denmark, Russia, and Norway have made claims similar to those of Canada in the Arctic and are opposed by the European Union and the U. S.

The joint meeting between Canada, Denmark, Norway, Russia, and the United States was held to discuss key issues relating to territorial claims in the Arctic ( particularly Hans Island and Arktika 2007 ) and Arctic shrinkage produced by climate change.

The Alaska Highway through Alaska, the Yukon and northern British Columbia also claims to be part of the Pan-American Highway, as well as the Dalton Highway in Alaska, which is the only year-round road in North America to reach the Arctic Ocean ( the ice road from Inuvik also reaches the Arctic Ocean ).

The Utah-based Arctic Circle restaurant chain claims to have invented fry sauce around 1948.

A century and a half of naval and land wars among France, The Netherlands and Britain resulted finally in British control of the region, from the Ohio River to the Arctic, and from the Atlantic to the Mississippi, beyond which boundaries claims remained disputed among Britain, France, Spain and Russia.

Countries with claims to Arctic regions are: the United States ( Alaska ), Canada, Denmark ( Greenland ), Norway, Finland, Sweden and Russia.

The island claims to be the " Otter Capital of Britain " and has a diverse bird life including breeding populations of Great and Arctic Skuas.

* Territorial claims in the Arctic

They conducted polar studies and gathered scientific evidence to reinforce Russia ’ s claims to the Arctic.

* Territorial claims in the Arctic

The area known as the " High Arctic " was subject to claims of sovereignty from both Norway and the United States.

* Territorial claims in the Arctic

Cambridge Bay is the largest stop for passenger and research vessels traversing the Arctic Ocean's Northwest Passage, a disputed area which the Government of Canada claims are Canadian Internal Waters, while other nations state they are either territorial waters or international waters.

# REDIRECT Territorial claims in the Arctic

# REDIRECT Territorial claims in the Arctic

* Syroechkovski, E. E., C. Zöckler and E. Lappo ( 1998 ) Status of Brent Goose in northwest Yakutia British Birds 93 ( 2 ): 94 – 97 ; this paper presented claims that Black Brant and Dark-bellied Brent Goose were interbreeding extensively in the Russian Arctic