For both Plato and Aristotle artistic mimesis, in contrast to the power of dialectic, is relatively incapable of expressing the character of fundamental reality.

In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, interest in Aristotle revived and Latin Christians had translations made, both from Arabic translations, such as those by Gerard of Cremona, and from the original Greek, such as those by James of Venice and William of Moerbeke.

According to Aristotle, air is both hot and wet and occupies a place between fire and water among the elemental spheres.

According to Aristotle, water is both cold and wet and occupies a place between air and earth among the elemental spheres.

Plato and Aristotle, depicted here in Raphael's The School of Athens, both developed first cause arguments.

Plato ( c. 427 – 347 BC ) and Aristotle ( c. 384 – 322 BC ) both posited first cause arguments, though each had certain notable caveats.

Early medieval writers often had fuzzy and imprecise impressions of both Ptolemy and Aristotle and relied more on Pliny, but they felt ( with one exception ), little urge to assume flatness.

Although a perennial source of controversy, Aristotle arguably views the latter as both eternal and immaterial in nature, as exemplified in his theology of unmoved movers.

" A " Mixt " took elements from both Aristotle and Ramus ; Philippo-Ramists, who blended Melanchthon with Ramus, were a type of " Mixt "; " Systematics " were " Mixts " who followed Keckermann in a belief in system, as Alsted did.

According to both Plato and Aristotle, Heraclitus was said to have denied the law of noncontradiction.

Some of the earliest recorded speculations linked mind ( sometimes described as identical with soul or spirit ) to theories concerning both life after death, and cosmological and natural order, for example in the doctrines of Zoroaster, the Buddha, Plato, Aristotle, and other ancient Greek, Indian and, later, Islamic and medieval European philosophers.

Aquinas argued that both the essence of a thing and its existence were clearly distinct, in this regard he is close to the teaching of Aristotle.

Its best known definition comes from Aristotle, who considers it a counterpart of both logic and politics, and calls it " the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion.

Khomeini studied Greek Philosophy and was influenced by both the philosophy of Aristotle, whom he regarded as the founder of logic, and Plato, whose views " in the field of divinity " he regarded as " grave and solid ".

Plato and Aristotle both explored the relationship between signs and the world, and Augustine considered the nature of the sign within a conventional system.

Plato and Aristotle, depicted here in The School of Athens, both developed philosophical arguments addressing the universe's apparent order ( logos )

For Aristotle, both practice and theory involve thinking, but the aims are different.

Aristotle ( 384 – 322 BC ) was puzzled by the idea that there could be a first bird or egg and concluded that both the bird and egg must have always existed:

Particularly important ( not least for its influence upon others, both in their interpretation of Aristotle and in rehabilitating a neo-Aristotelian " practical philosophy ") was his radical reinterpretation of Book Six of Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics and several books of the Metaphysics.

According to Aristotle, the idea is paradoxical, both in theory and in nature.

Early attempts to formulate laws in material terms were made by ancient philosophers, including Aristotle, but suffered both from lack of definitions and lack of accurate observations ( experimenting ), and hence had various misconceptions – such as the assumption that observed effects were due to intrinsic properties of objects, e. g. " heaviness ," " lightness ," " wetness ," etc.

Works of Athenagoras, Aristotle, and Aeschylus appeared in 1557 ; Diodorus Siculus, 1559 ; Xenophon, 1561 ; Sextus Empiricus, 1562 ; Thucydides, 1564 ; Herodotus, both 1566 and 1581 ; and Sophocles, in 1568.

Aristotle described both systems, but insisted on adding " unrolling " spheres between each set of spheres to cancel the motions of the outer set.

Aristotle made the statement "... the citizens must not live a mechanic or a mercantile life ( for such a life is ignoble and inimical to virtue ), nor yet must those who are to be citizens in the best state be tillers of the soil （ for leisure is needed both for the development of virtue and for active participation in politics.

Yet, even as he provided order to existing rhetorical theories, Aristotle extended the definition of rhetoric, calling it the ability to identify the appropriate means of persuasion in a given situation, thereby making rhetoric applicable to all fields, not just politics.

However, since the time of Aristotle, logic has also changed, for example, Modal logic has undergone a major development which also modifies rhetoric.

The contemporary neo-Aristotelian and neo-Sophistic positions on rhetoric mirror the division between the Sophists and Aristotle.

Aristotle and Isocrates were two of the first to see rhetoric in this light.

Aristotle, writing several years after Isocrates, supported many of his arguments and continued to make arguments for rhetoric as a civic art.

In the words of Aristotle, in his essay Rhetoric, rhetoric is " the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion ".

Eugene Garver, in his critique of " Aristotle's Rhetoric ", confirms that Aristotle viewed rhetoric as a civic art.

Plato's student Aristotle ( 384-322 BC ) famously set forth an extended treatise on rhetoric that still repays careful study today.

In the first sentence of The Art of Rhetoric, Aristotle says that " rhetoric is the counterpart the antistrophe of dialectic.

For Plato and Aristotle, dialectic involves persuasion, so when Aristotle says that rhetoric is the antistrophe of dialectic, he means that rhetoric as he uses the term has a domain or scope of application that is parallel to but different from the domain or scope of application of dialectic.

'" When Aristotle characterizes rhetoric as the antistrophe of dialectic, he no doubt means that rhetoric is used in place of dialectic when we are discussing civic issues in a court of law or in a legislative assembly.

His definition of rhetoric as " the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion ," essentially a mode of discovery, seems to limit the art to the inventional process, and Aristotle heavily emphasizes the logical aspect of this process.

Aristotle also identifies three different types or genres of civic rhetoric: forensic ( also known as judicial, was concerned with determining truth or falsity of events that took place in the past, issues of guilt ), deliberative ( also known as political, was concerned with determining whether or not particular actions should or should not be taken in the future ), and epideictic ( also known as ceremonial, was concerned with praise and blame, values, right and wrong, demonstrating beauty and skill in the present ).

Some believe that Aristotle defines rhetoric in On Rhetoric as the art of persuasion, while others think he defines it as the art of judgment.

Aristotle also says rhetoric is concerned with judgment because the audience judges the rhetor's ethos.

The sophists used the term to mean discourse, and Aristotle applied the term to refer to " reasoned discourse " or " the argument " in the field of rhetoric.

* Aristotle classified and discussed rhetoric as being based upon the enthymeme, thus closely related to logic.

878 – 888 ) he spent in the Byzantine capital, he received excellent education and studied the rhetoric of Demosthenes and Aristotle.