Greek scholar Aristotle realized that fossil seashells from rocks were similar to those found on the beach, indicating the fossils were once living animals.

: Moreover, the Church had the true faith for more than twelve hundred years, during which time the holy Fathers never once mentioned this transubstantiation — certainly, a monstrous word for a monstrous idea — until the pseudo-philosophy of Aristotle became rampant in the Church these last three hundred years.

Charles ' kingship placed great emphasis on both royal ceremony and scientific political theory, and to contemporaries and posterity his lifestyle at once embodied the reflective life advised by Aristotle and the model of French kingship derived from St Louis, Charlemagne, and Clovis which he had illustrated in his Coronation Book of 1364, now in the British Library.

" Aristotle reported that the wife of Hieron once asked Simonides whether it was better to be wealthy or wise, to which he apparently replied: " Wealthy ; for I see the wise spending their days at the doors of the wealthy.

" He once rejected a small fee to compose a victory ode for the winner of a mule race ( it was not a prestigious event ) but, according to Aristotle, changed his mind when the fee was increased, resulting in this magniloquent opening: " Greetings, daughters of storm-footed horses!

Aristotle once said, " For the things we have to learn before we can do them, we learn by doing them.

In 1935, he wrote “ History versus Criticism in the Study of Literature ” ( published in English Journal 24: 645-67 ), in which he defined literary criticism as “ simply the disciplined consideration, at once analytical and evaluative, of literary works as works of art .” Crane was greatly influenced by Richard McKeon, a professor of philosophy at the University, who stressed Aristotle ’ s idea of ‘ pluralism ,’ which says that many systems of criticism are necessary to completely understand literature, specifically poetry, or in the case of philosophy, the world.

The work was considered by the 11th-century Muslim scholar Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi to be " little more than a plagiarism " of Aristotle's Kitāb al-Hayawān, a charge that was once levelled against Aristotle himself with regard to a certain " Asclepiades of Pergamum ".

According to Aristotle in The Politics ( Book I Section 1259a ), Thales of Miletus once cornered the market in olive-oil presses:

Ironically, in the story, Averroës casually observes some children play-acting, then later hears a traveler ineptly describe an actual theatrical performance he once saw in a distant land, but still fails to understand that the tragedies and comedies of which Aristotle writes are a kind of performance art, rather than merely literature.

While we respect both thinkers and their schools of thought, we begin instead from America, the American political tradition in all its genius and profundity, and the relation of our tradition to revealed wisdom and to what the elderly Jefferson once called, rather insouciantly, " the elementary books of public right, as Aristotle, Cicero, Locke, Sidney, etc.

Aristotle rectified an irrational absurdity in reasoning with empiricism using likelihood, " once the irrational has been introduced and an air of likelihood imparted to it, we must accept it in spite of the absurdity.

Aristotle once said the elephant was " the beast which passeth all others in wit and mind ".

The view once held ( on the strength of a fragment of Aristotle, quoted carelessly by Photius ) that the naucrary was invented by Solon may now be regarded as obsolete ( see the Aristotelian Constitution, viii.

It was once thought that he was old enough to have influenced Aristotle ( 384 – 322 BCE ), but there is no strong evidence for this.

The German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche has been said to have taken nearly all of his political philosophy from Aristotle.

Aristotle said, " Nature does nothing in vain.

" Aristotle said some things " depend on us " ( eph hemin ).

The Greeks said it is rationality ; thus, Aristotle said, A human being is a rational animal.

Aristotle is often said to be the father of natural law.

He said that Democritus, Plato, Augustine, and Grosseteste far outranked Aristotle.

According to both Plato and Aristotle, Heraclitus was said to have denied the law of noncontradiction.

Authors are in disagreement as to when exactly the games were first instituted: Aristotle is said to have ranked the Lykaion games fourth in order of institution after the Eleusinia, the Panathenaia, and the Argive games, while Pausanias argues for the Lykaian competition ’ s priority to the Panathenaia.

Of these, Aristotle is often said to be the father of natural law.

Plato and Aristotle could be said to have created early examples of comprehensive systems.

Philosophers such as Plato, Aristotle, Al-Farabi, Avicenna, Averroes, Maimonides, Aquinas and Hegel are sometimes said to have argued that reason must be fixed and discoverable — perhaps by dialectic, analysis, or study.

Plato and Aristotle could be said to be early examples of comprehensive systems.

Aristotle said that it was the pre-Socratic philosopher Zeno of Elea who invented dialectic, of which the dialogues of Plato are the examples of the Socratic dialectical method.

The philosopher Aristotle said in his work Poetics that

In Europe, for example, Aristotle ( 384 BCE – 322 BCE ) is said to have had a physic garden in the Lyceum at Athens, which was used for educational purposes and for the study of botany and this was inherited, or possibly set up, by his pupil Theophrastus, the " Father of Botany ".

Aristotle said that Sardinia had practiced the rite of incubation, which is the liberation ritual of the people who were affected by nightmares and obsessions.

Aristotle ( 384 – 322 BCE ) said definitions should describe the concept being defined in terms of other concepts already known.

Aristotle is said, in a brief epitome of his Magicus given by Diogenes Laertes, to have compared Zalmoxis with the Phoenician Okhon and Libyan Atlas.

His given name was Tyrtamus (), but he later became known by the nickname " Theophrastus ," given to him, it is said, by Aristotle to indicate the grace of his conversation ( ancient Greek: Θεός

His writings, said to have consisted of four hundred and fifty-three books, were in the style of Aristotle, and dealt with philosophy, ethics and music.

This technique is meant to be especially useful in distinguishing poetry from prose, for, as Aristotle said, “ poetic language must appear strange and wonderful ” ( Shklovsky 19 ).

For instance, in Aristotelian physics the effect is not said to be acceleration but to be velocity ( one must push a cart twice as hard in order to have its velocity doubled < ref > Aristotle, Physics, Book VII, part 5, 249 < sup > b </ sup > 30 – 250 < sup > a </ sup > 6 ).

Wilkins makes two main points: first, Webster is not addressing the actual state of the universities, which were not as wedded to old scholastic ways, Aristotle, and Galen, as he said ; and secondly Webster's mixture of commended authors, without fuller understanding of the topics, really was foolish.

# The harmony of all things in nature, the interdependence of all creatures, the wondrous plan and wisdom displayed in the structure of the greatest and smallest of animal beings, from the elephant to the ant, all point to one great designer — the physico-theological argument of Aristotle.

Aristotle (, Aristotélēs ) ( 384 BC – 322 BC ) was a Greek philosopher and polymath, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great.

Aristotle was well known among medieval Muslim intellectuals and revered as المعلم الأول-" The First Teacher ".

Aristotle, whose name means " the best purpose ," was born in Stageira, Chalcidice, in 384 BC, about east of modern-day Thessaloniki.

Aristotle was trained and educated as a member of the aristocracy.

Soon after Hermias ' death, Aristotle was invited by Philip II of Macedon to become the tutor to his son Alexander in 343 BC.

Aristotle was appointed as the head of the royal academy of Macedon.

Aristotle encouraged Alexander toward eastern conquest, and his attitude towards Persia was unabashedly ethnocentric.

It has been suggested that Aristotle was probably the last person to know everything there was to be known in his own time.

With the Prior Analytics, Aristotle is credited with the earliest study of formal logic, and his conception of it was the dominant form of Western logic until 19th century advances in mathematical logic.

Although his respect for Aristotle was diminished as his travels made it clear that much of Aristotle's geography was clearly wrong, when the old philosopher released his works to the public, Alexander complained " Thou hast not done well to publish thy acroamatic doctrines ; for in what shall I surpass other men if those doctrines wherein I have been trained are to be all men's common property?

Aristotle was one of the most revered Western thinkers in early Islamic theology.

The title " teacher " was first given to Aristotle by Muslim scholars, and was later used by Western philosophers ( as in the famous poem of Dante ) who were influenced by the tradition of Islamic philosophy.

With the loss of the study of ancient Greek in the early medieval Latin West, Aristotle was practically unknown there from c. AD 600 to c. 1100 except through the Latin translation of the Organon made by Boethius.

Throughout European history, philosophers such as Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas, among others, contemplated the possibility that souls exist in animals, plants, and people ; however, the currently accepted definition of animism was only developed in the 19th century by Sir Edward Tylor, who created it as " one of anthropology's earliest concepts, if not the first ".

Albertus was the first to comment on virtually all of the writings of Aristotle, thus making them accessible to wider academic debate.

Most modern knowledge of Aristotle was preserved and presented by Albertus.

His industry in every department was great, and though we find in his system many gaps which are characteristic of scholastic philosophy, his protracted study of Aristotle gave him a great power of systematic thought and exposition.

The press was started by Aldus based on his love of classics, and at first printed new copies of Plato, Aristotle, and other Greek and Latin classics.

200 AD ) was a Peripatetic philosopher and the most celebrated of the Ancient Greek commentators on the writings of Aristotle.

His commentaries on Aristotle were considered so useful that he was styled, by way of pre-eminence, " the commentator " ( ὁ ἐξηγητής ).

He was a student of the two Stoic, or possibly Peripatetic, philosophers Sosigenes and Herminus, and perhaps of Aristotle of Mytilene.

By the 6th century Alexander's commentaries on Aristotle were considered so useful that he was referred to as " the commentator " ().