The author Arrian, during his personal experience in Spain, describes hare hunting with Galgos in a manner almost identical to that used nowadays in Spain, adding that it was a general Celtic tradition not related to a social class.

However, Arrian describes the occasion when Alexander and Hephaestion publicly identified themselves with Achilles and Patroclus, who were acknowledged, by Plato and Aeschylus among others, to have been lovers.

The Enchiridion, or Handbook of Epictetus, (), often shortened to simply " The Handbook ", is a short manual of Stoic ethical advice compiled by Arrian, who had been a pupil of Epictetus at the beginning of the 2nd century.

* Enchiridion of Epictetus, a short manual of Stoic ethical advice compiled by Arrian

Arrian also wrote a philosophical treatise, the Diatribai, based on the teachings of his mentor Epictetus.

Critics of the 18th century — Guichard Folard and the Prince de Ligne — were unanimous in thinking Aelian greatly inferior to Arrian, but Aelian exercised a great influence both on his immediate successors, the Byzantines, and later on the Arabs, ( who translated the text for their own use ).

* Nicocles, son of Pasicrates, who accompanied Alexander to India ( Arrian, Indica 18. 8 ).

Arrian says that after the fever had run for seven days, Alexander had to be summoned from the games to Hephaestion, who was seriously ill.

Both Strabo and Arrian give nearly equal descriptions of the tomb, based on the eyewitness report of Aristobulus of Cassandreia, who at the request of Alexander the Great visited the tomb two times.

Plutarch cites him as one of those who related the fable of the visit of the Amazons to Alexander, for which he was justly ridiculed by Lysimachus, and Arrian accuses him of falsely representing himself as the commander of the fleet, when he was in truth only the pilot.

The term was commonly used in this wider sense to indicate " all Syria " or " all Syria except Phoenicia ", by writers including Diodorus Siculus, who indicated Coele-Syria to stretch as far south as Joppa, as well as Polybius, Pliny, Arrian and Ptolemy.

When Alexander was trying to show that he is divine so that the Greeks and Macedonians would perform proskynesis to him, Anaxarchus said that Alexander could " more justly be considered a god than Dionysus or Heracles " ( Arrian, 104 )

In a preface to the Discourses, addressed to Lucius Gellius, Arrian states that " whatever I heard him say I used to write down, word for word, as best I could, endeavouring to preserve it as a memorial, for my own future use, of his way of thinking and the frankness of his speech.

According to Arrian, when settlers from Cyme came to Side, they could not understand the dialect.

Arrian records the chieftain Cleitus the Illyrian as sacrificing three boys, three girls and three rams just before his battle with Alexander the Great.

Arrian was born of Greek ethnicity in the coastal town of Nicomedia ( present-day Izmit ), the capital of the Roman province of Bithynia, in what is now north-western Turkey, about 70 km from Byzantium ( later Constantinople, now Istanbul ).

B. Bosworth, an expert on Greek history, criticized what he viewed as Arrian's hagiography in ' Errors in Arrian ' ( 1976 )

This is clear from the large number of bullocks, 230, 000 according to Arrian, of a size and shape superior to what the Macedonians had known, that Alexander captured from them and decided to send to Macedonia for agriculture.

This is clear from big number of the bullocks, 230, 000 according to Arrian, of a size and shape superior to what the Macedonians had not known, which Alexander captured from them and decided to send them to Macedonia for agriculture.

Diodorus calls him Spithrobates, and appears to confound him with Mithridates, the son-in-law of Darius, whom Alexander slew in the battle with his own hand ; while what Arrian records of Spithridates is related by Diodorus of his brother Rhoesaces.

Alexander, says Arrian "... wanted to be uncle to Hephaestion's children ...".

His most famous pupil, Arrian, studied under him when a young man ( c. 108 AD ) and claimed to have written the famous Discourses from his lecture notes, though some argue they should be considered an original composition by Arrian, comparable to the Socratic literature.

Both Plutarch and Arrian relate that according to Aristobulus, Alexander pulled the knot out of its pole pin, exposing the two ends of the cord and allowing him to untie the knot without having to cut through it.

Ptolemy was a general, and Arrian relied on him as a professional of military science and hence for details of Alexander's battles, on which Ptolemy was certainly well informed.

" Arrian says that Alexander, after Hephaestion's death, described him as "... the friend I valued as my own life.

Arrian says that Alexander "... flung himself on the body of his friend and lay there nearly all day long in tears, and refused to be parted from him until he was dragged away by force by his Companions.

Arrian relates an account that "... he flung himself on the body of his friend and lay there nearly all day long in tears, and refused to be parted from him until he was dragged away by force by his Companions ...", another that said "... he lay stretched upon the corpse all day and the whole night too ...", and another which told how he had the doctor, Glaucias, executed for his lack of care.

" Alexander ordered a period of mourning throughout the empire, and Arrian tells us that " Many of the Companions, out of respect for Alexander, dedicated themselves and their arms to the dead man ..." The army, too, remembered him ; Alexander did not appoint anyone to take Hephaestion's place as commander of the Companion cavalry ; he "... wished Hephaestion's name to be preserved always in connexion with it, so Hephaestion's Regiment it continued to be called, and Hephaestion's image continued to be carried before it.

In the 10th-century manuscript, the text is attributed to Arrian, probably for no deeper reason than that the manuscript was adjacent to the Periplus Ponti Euxini written by him.

Of these writers, Arrian speaks most highly of Megasthenes, while Strabo and Pliny treat him with less respect.

He claimed to have been the commander of Alexander's fleet but was actually only a helmsman ; Arrian and Nearchus often criticize him for this.

Yet Arrian blames him for lack of judgment, and on one occasion expressly ascribes the safety of the fleet to the firmness of Nearchus in overruling his advice.

According to the historian Arrian, he camped at the confluence of Indus with the combined stream of the Punjab rivers to recuperate from the serious wounds inflicted upon him during the previous battle with Mallians at or near the present-day Multan and also waited for a part of his army led by Perdiccas to join him.

Excluding a failed attempt to conquer Bithynia this we do not hear of Calas: it would seem, however, that he died before the treason and flight of his father in 325, as we know from Arrian that Demarchus succeeded him in the satrapy of the Hellespontine Phrygia during Alexander's life-time.

Until the early 20th century, unsure of the site of Palaepharsalos, scholars followed Arrian ( 2. 75 ) and located the battle south of the Enipeus or close to Pharsalos ( today's Pharsala ).

The Roman commander Arrian ( ca.

His teachings were written down and published by his pupil Arrian in his Discourses.

Arrian also compiled a popular digest, entitled the Enchiridion, or Handbook.

Arrian gives an alternative story of the descent and life of Midas.

Greek writers about India such as Megasthenes and Arrian describe many of the states having republican governments akin to those of Greece.

The first written references to an ancient Celtic sighthound, the " vertragus ", in the " Cynegeticus " of Flavius Arrianus ( Arrian ), Roman proconsul of Baetica in the second century, may refer to the Galgo, or more likely to its antecedant.

Xenophon & Arrian On Hunting With Hounds, contains Cynegeticus original texts, translations & commentary.

* Arrian becomes archon in Athens.

* Arrian publishes Indica, a work on India and its people.

Arrian attributed Dionysian and " Roman " elements to a victory procession of Alexander the Great.

B., From Arrian to Alexander: Studies in Historical Interpretation, illustrated, reprint, Oxford University Press, 1988.

Even if the king was not accountable for his management of the kingdom's entries, he may have felt responsible to defend his administration on certain occasions: Arrian tells us that during the mutiny of Alexander's soldiers at Opis in 324 BC, Alexander detailed the possessions of his father at his death to prove he had not abused his charge.

It is told by Arrian that at the Battle of Issus the moment the Persian left went to pieces under Alexander ’ s attack and Darius, in his war-chariot, saw that it was cut off, he incontinently fled – indeed, he led the race for safety.

To Photios, we are indebted for almost all we possess of Ctesias, Memnon of Heraclea, Conon, the lost books of Diodorus Siculus, and the lost writings of Arrian.

The significant historians in the period after Alexander were Timaeus, Polybius, Diodorus Siculus, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Appian of Alexandria, Arrian, and Plutarch.

* Arrian ( Lucius Flavius Arrianus ) Historian, c. CE 86-160