The Mykians of the other side of ancient Maka, the present day region of Balochistan and Sindh had later taken independence because they are not mentioned in the book written by Arrian of Nicomedia about campaigns of Alexander the great but he only mentions the Oman side of Maka which he calls " Maketa ".

Arrian was born of Greek ethnicity in the coastal town of Nicomedia ( present-day Izmit ), the capital of the Roman province of Bithynia, in what is now north-western Turkey, about 70 km from Byzantium ( later Constantinople, now Istanbul ).

* P. A. Stadter, Arrian of Nicomedia, Chapel Hill, 1980.

* Livius, Arrian of Nicomedia by Jona Lendering

The story of the siege is told by the Roman historian Arrian of Nicomedia, in Anabasis ( section 4. 18. 4-19. 6 ).

* The Greek historian Arrian of Nicomedia wrote Anabasis Alexandri or The Campaigns of Alexander in Greek.

The story of the siege as describe here is told in many histories, but it is based on the history written by the Roman historian Arrian of Nicomedia, in his Anabasis ( section 4. 18. 4-19. 6 ).

* Anabasis Alexandri by Arrian of Nicomedia.

Müller ; Arrian ii.

The scholarly consensus is that Arrian's work is to a considerable extent a reworking of Ptolemy ; albeit with material from other writers, particularly Aristobulus, brought in where Arrian thought them useful.

Its author is usually known as pseudo-Callisthenes, although in the Latin translation by Julius Valerius Alexander Polemius ( beginning of the 4th century ) it is ascribed to a certain Aesopus ; Aristotle, Antisthenes, Onesicritus and Arrian have also been credited with the authorship.

" Alexander ordered a period of mourning throughout the empire, and Arrian tells us that " Many of the Companions, out of respect for Alexander, dedicated themselves and their arms to the dead man ..." The army, too, remembered him ; Alexander did not appoint anyone to take Hephaestion's place as commander of the Companion cavalry ; he "... wished Hephaestion's name to be preserved always in connexion with it, so Hephaestion's Regiment it continued to be called, and Hephaestion's image continued to be carried before it.

In Greek legend, the city was first called Thoana because Thoas, a Thracian king, was its founder ( Arrian, Periplus Ponti Euxini, vi ); it was in Cappadocia, at the foot of the Taurus Mountains and near the Cilician Gates ( Strabo, XII, 537 ; XIII, 587 ).

Alexander attacked across the river regardless of this counsel, and gained a victory nevertheless ; however, Diodorus Siculus contradicts Arrian by stating clearly that Alexander accepted the advice.

He claimed to have been the commander of Alexander's fleet but was actually only a helmsman ; Arrian and Nearchus often criticize him for this.

803, 804 ; Arrian, Exp.

Diodorus calls him Spithrobates, and appears to confound him with Mithridates, the son-in-law of Darius, whom Alexander slew in the battle with his own hand ; while what Arrian records of Spithridates is related by Diodorus of his brother Rhoesaces.

His most famous pupil, Arrian, studied under him when a young man ( c. 108 AD ) and claimed to have written the famous Discourses from his lecture notes, though some argue they should be considered an original composition by Arrian, comparable to the Socratic literature.

Several modern scholars have been tempted to make identification between the Parnavaz of the medieval Georgian tradition and the Pharasmanes of the Greco-Roman historian Arrian, a 2nd century AD author of Anabasis Alexandri.

The expeditions of Alexander were recorded by his court historians and by Arrian ( around AD 175 ) in his Anabasis Alexandri and other chroniclers many centuries after the event.

* Arrian ( early 2nd c. AD ).

* Anabasis Alexandri, by the Greek historian Arrian ( 86 – after 146 AD ), about Alexander the Great ( 336 – 323 BC )

Appian and Arrian both lived in the 2nd century AD.

These historical facts about Alexander the Great became well known, even the Western world, only during the Renaissance period ( 1300-1600 AD ) when the Anabasis Alexandri of Arrian ( AD 86-160 ) was rediscovered.

The oldest documented description of hare coursing is the work Kynegetikos ( Greek ), otherwise known as Cynegeticus ( Latin ), which was written by Arrian circa 180 AD.

* R. Syme, ' The Career of Arrian ', Harvard Studies in Classical Philology vol. 86 ( 1982 ), pp. 171 – 211.

It is told by Arrian that at the Battle of Issus the moment the Persian left went to pieces under Alexander ’ s attack and Darius, in his war-chariot, saw that it was cut off, he incontinently fled – indeed, he led the race for safety.

When Alexander was trying to show that he is divine so that the Greeks and Macedonians would perform proskynesis to him, Anaxarchus said that Alexander could " more justly be considered a god than Dionysus or Heracles " ( Arrian, 104 )

The author Arrian, during his personal experience in Spain, describes hare hunting with Galgos in a manner almost identical to that used nowadays in Spain, adding that it was a general Celtic tradition not related to a social class.

Even if the king was not accountable for his management of the kingdom's entries, he may have felt responsible to defend his administration on certain occasions: Arrian tells us that during the mutiny of Alexander's soldiers at Opis in 324 BC, Alexander detailed the possessions of his father at his death to prove he had not abused his charge.

Above and below this sea, from Borsippa to Kufa, extend the famous Chaldaean marshes, where Alexander the Great was nearly lost ( Arrian, Eup.

Reports on the city's surrender to Alexander the Great differ: Arrian reports a peaceful surrender, but Appian claims that the city was sacked.

Also the passage of Arrian explaining that Megasthenes lived in Arachosia with the satrap Sibyrtius, from where he traveled to India to visit Chandragupta, goes against the notion that Arachosia was under Maurya rule:

Arrian tells us he was son of Orontes, a descendant of the independent princes of the Macedonian province of Orestis.

Strabo and Arrian both record that Side was founded by Greek settlers from Cyme in Aeolis, a region of western Anatolia.

Of Posidonius's work on tactics, The Art of War, the Greek historian Arrian complained that it was written ' for experts ', which suggests that Posidonius may have had first hand experience of military leadership or, perhaps, utilized knowledge he gained from his acquaintance with Pompey.

The area does not retain many marks of antiquity, although the eponymous river was noted as Masaitica as early as 137 CE, in a letter from Arrian to Emperor Hadrian.

Quintus Curtius Rufus, the historian, says he was crucified in the place where Darius III had been killed, Arrian states that he was tortured and then decapitated in Ecbatana, and Plutarch suggests that he was torn apart in Bactria after a Macedonian trial.

Arrian left Cappadocia shortly before the death of his patron Hadrian, in 138, and there is no evidence for any further public appointments until 145 / 6 when he was elected Archon at Athens, once the city's leading political post but by this time an honorary one.

Arrian was able to use sources which are now mostly lost, such as the contemporary works by Callisthenes ( the nephew of Alexander's tutor Aristotle ), Onesicritus, Nearchus and Aristobulus.

Bosworth alleges that " Arrian was prone to the errors of misunderstanding and faulty source conflation that one would expect in a secondary historian of antiquity ".

As a writer, Arrian was obliged by the prevailing literary mores of his time to compose his works in " good Greek ," which meant imitating as closely as possible the grammar and literary style of the Athenian writers of the 5th century BC.

The result is a work which was inevitably stilted and artificial, although Arrian handled the strain of writing 500-year-old Greek better than some of his contemporaries.

Xenophon was a good model of clear and unpretentious prose, which Arrian was wise to follow.

Ptolemy was a general, and Arrian relied on him as a professional of military science and hence for details of Alexander's battles, on which Ptolemy was certainly well informed.