Article 4, general undertakings

St Thomas Aquinas in the Summa Theologica, II: II Quaestio 25, Article 4 states that we should love our neighbour more than our ourselves.

* Article 4 – The treaty does not recognize, dispute, nor establish territorial sovereignty claims ; no new claims shall be asserted while the treaty is in force ;

The definition of the term disposal is made in Article 2 al 4 and just refers to annex IV, which gives a list of operations which are understood as disposal or recovery.

Article 4 of the Basel Convention calls for an overall reduction of waste generation.

Article 2 Item 4 of Law Number 26, October 15, 1997, of the Autonomous Region of Sardinia grants " al dialetto sassarese e a quello gallurese " equal legal status with the other languages on Sardinia.

Article 4 prohibits slavery, servitude and forced labour but exempts labour:

Article 4 also states that these duties can be delegated by the Emperor as provided for by law.

:: Example 4 ( parliamentary republic ): Article 67 of the Iraqi constitution of 2005 states:

:: Example 8 ( semi-presidential republic ): Chapter 4, Article 80, Section 1-2 of the Constitution of Russia states:

:: Example 3 ( semi-presidential republic ): Chapter 4, Article 86, Section 4 of the Constitution of Russia states:

:: Example 4 ( single party republic ): Section 2, Article 81 of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China states:

:: Example 4 ( parliamentary republic ): According to Article 53 ( 1 ) of the Constitution of India:

:: Example 6 ( semi-presidential republic ): Under Chapter 4, Article 80, Section 3 of the Constitution of Russia:

:: Example 4 ( presidential republic ): Article II, Section 2 of the United States Constitution states:

:: Example 6 ( semi-presidential republic ): According to Chapter 4, Article 87, Section 1 of the Constitution of Russia:

:: Example 3 ( semi-presidential republic ): According to Chapter 4, Article 84 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation:

:: Example 4 ( parliamentary republic ): Title II, Chapter I, Article 130 of the Constitution of Portugal states:

In 1921, the Zionist Commission was granted official status as the Jewish Agency for Palestine in Article 4 of the Mandate.

Article 4 of the Constitution of the Republic of China originally stated that " he territory of the Republic of China within its existing national boundaries shall not be altered except by a resolution of the National Assembly ", although recent constitutional changes have moved this power to that of a national referendum.

Article 22 was written two months before the signing of the peace treaty, before it was known what " communities ", " peoples ", or " territories " were related to sub-paragraphs 4, 5, and 6.

At the end of the First World War, a class “ A ” Mandate for Palestine was entrusted to Great Britain by the League of Nations, pursuant to paragraph 4 of Article 22 of the Covenant ...

Article 11 reflected the contemporary Stimson Doctrine, and it is now a fundamental part of international law through article 2 paragraph 4 of the Charter of the United Nations.

:: Article 2 ( 4 ) of the United Nations Charter ;

However, Allied demands at the peace talks in The Hague in April 1709 ( principally concerning Article 37 that bound Louis XIV to hand over Spain within two months or face the renewal of the war ), were rejected by the French in June.

Article four of the Hague Convention X outlined the restrictions for a hospital ship:

Article 50 of the Hague War Regulations provides that no general penalty, pecuniary or otherwise, can be inflicted on the population on account of the acts of individuals for which it cannot be regarded as collectively responsible.

According to Article 42 of the Hague Convention, " territory is considered occupied when it is actually placed under the authority of the hostile army.

This wording in the Rome Statute is taken almost word for word from Article 23 of the 1907 IV Hague Convention The Laws and Customs of War on Land: "... it is especially forbidden-... To kill or wound an enemy who, having laid down his arms, or having no longer means of defence, has surrendered at discretion ", and is part of the customary laws of war.

), the seventh of the Nuremberg Trials, the tribunal found that, on the question of partisans, according to the then-current laws of war ( the Hague Convention No. IV from 1907 ), the partisan fighters in southeast Europe could not be considered lawful belligerents under Article 1 of said convention.

* Judgement: The Law Relating to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity contained in the Avalon Project archive at Yale Law School, contains the stated expansion of customary law " the Convention Hague 1907 expressly stated that it was an attempt ' to revise the general laws and customs of war ,' which it thus recognised to be then existing, but by 1939 these rules laid down in the Convention were recognised by all civilised nations, and were regarded as being declaratory of the laws and customs of war which are referred to in Article 6 ( b ) of the Charter.

As civilian non-combatants, according to Section XI, Article 6, of the 1907 Hague Conventions, merchant seamen "... are not made prisoners of war, on condition that they make a formal promise in writing, not to undertake, while hostilities last, any service connected with the operations of the war.

Article 53 of the Regulations respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land, annexed to the Hague Convention of 1899 on the same subject, provides that railway plant, land telegraphs, telephones, steamers and other ships ( other than such as are governed by maritime law ), though belonging to companies or private persons, may be used for military operations, but " must be restored at the conclusion of peace and indemnities paid for them.

Elevated as a Permanent Judge of the Supreme Court of Pakistan on December 10, 1989, Member of the Committee on Arms Control and Disarmament Law of the International Law Association ; participated in Symposium under the Auspices of International Law Association held at Geneva on 9th & 10 June, 1995, on the subject or “ ONGOING PROLIFERATION CHALLENGES: Legal Aspects ”; attended Seminar on “ The Rights and Duties of States ” that have signed or ratified the Chemical Weapons Convention, on 2 July, 1997, at Hague, Netherlands ; contributed an Article published in Volume III of Arms Control and Disarmament Law titled “ Future Legal Restraints on Arms Proliferation ” published by the United Nations and launched at United Nations Headquarters in November, 1996 ; Member of the Executive Council of Allama Iqbal Open University from September, 1996 to December, 1997 ; Chairman, Pakistan Zakat Council from August, 1991 to July, 1994.

On the question of partisans, the tribunal concluded that under the then current laws of war ( the Hague Convention No. IV from 1907 ), the partisan fighters in southeast Europe could not be considered lawful belligerents under Article 1 of said convention.

This is the technique used in the Hague Convention on The Law Applicable to Certain Rights in Respect of Securities Held with an Intermediary, and also used in the Article 8, " Investment Securities " of the United States Uniform Commercial Code.

The foregoing rule ( Article 23 of the Annex of the IVth Hague Convention ), does not prohibit such use, but does prohibit their improper use.

Section XIII, Article 8 of the Hague Convention of 1907 required that a neutral government had a duty " to prevent the departure from its jurisdiction of any vessel intended to cruise, or engage in hostile operations " against another government with which the neutral was not at war.

During the battle of Wuhan, Prince Kan ' in transmitted the emperor's orders to use toxic gas on 375 separate occasions, from August to October, 1938, despite Article 23 of the Hague Conventions ( 1899 and 1907 ), article 171 of the Versailles Peace Treaty, article V of the Treaty in Relation to the Use of Submarines and Noxious Gases in Warfare

The Tokyo Convention states in Article 11, defining the so-called unlawful takeover of an aircraft, that the parties signing the agreement are obliged, in case of hijacking or a threat of it, to take all the necessary measures in order to regain or keep control over an aircraft.

# An aircraft should be “ in flight ” ( that is, according to Article 1, paragraph 3 of the Tokyo Convention, from the moment when power is applied for the purpose of take-off until the moment when the landing run ends );

In a situation, when he has justification to assume, that a given person committed or is attempting to commit an act regulated by the convention, he can apply towards that person “ reasonable measures ” including restraint, under a condition that they do not break the rules enumerated in Article 6, paragraph 1 of the Tokyo Convention.

( Article 8 and 12 of the Convention ).

Indeed, the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in Article 6 requires these features in the legal systems of its signatory states.

" National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans ( NBSAPs ) are the principal instruments for implementing the Convention at the national level ( Article 6 ).

In accordance with Article 26 of the Convention, Parties prepare national reports on the status of implementation of the Convention.

The optional Seventh Protocol to the Convention, Article Four, says:

A right to education has been created and recognized by some jurisdictions: Since 1952, Article 2 of the first Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights obliges all signatory parties to guarantee the right to education.

Article 1 simply binds the signatory parties to secure the rights under the other Articles of the Convention " within their jurisdiction ".

Signatory states to the Convention can only derogate from the rights contained in Article 2 for deaths which result from lawful acts of war.

Article 13 provides for the right for an effective remedy before national authorities for violations of rights under the Convention.

Article 15 allows contracting states to derogate from certain rights guaranteed by the Convention in time of " war or other public emergency threatening the life of the nation ".

The Court is quite permissive in accepting a state's derogations from the Convention but applies a higher degree of scrutiny in deciding whether measures taken by states under a derogation are, in the words of Article 15, " strictly required by the exigencies of the situation ".

Category: Article 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights

* Precision Award ( Best Article or Series on a System or Convention ) 1974

While Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights does not prohibit criminal laws against revisionism such as denial or minimization of genocides or crimes against humanity, as interpreted by the European Court of Human Rights, the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe went further and recommended to member governments to combat hate speech under its Recommendation R ( 97 ) 20.

In Europe, Article 2 of the First Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights, adopted in 1950, obligates all signatory parties to guarantee the right to education.

With the Constitutional Convention of 1787 and Article 1 Section 8 of the United States Constitution, control of the army and the power to direct the militia of the states was concurrently delegated to the federal Congress.

::( c ) Article 5 of the European Convention on Human Rights, imported into English law by the Human Rights Act 1998 provides that a person of unsound mind may only be detained where proper account of objective medical expertise has been taken.

:: Article 8 of the Convention on Rights and Duties of States ;

:: Article I, Third, of the Convention concerning the Duties and Rights of States in the Event of Civil Strife.

Coercive plea bargaining has been criticized on the grounds that it infringes an individual's rights under Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights, incorporated in the UK's Human Rights Act 1998.