It is implicit in the Westphalian system of nation-states, and explicitly recognized under Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations, that all states have the inherent right to individual and collective self-defense if an armed attack occurs against them.

Article 51 of the UN Charter guarantees the right of states to defend themselves until ( and unless ) the Security Council takes measures to keep the peace.

Article 51 specifies that the States-General consist of a House of Representatives of the Netherlands ( lower house ) of 150 members and a Senate ( upper house ) of 75 members — the constitution deliberately mentions the House of Representatives first to emphasize its political primate.

Article III of the Puerto Rico Constitution grants all legislative powers of the national government to the Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico, which is divided into two chambers: a 27 member Senate and a 51 member House of Representatives.

" Article 51 describes the protection that must be given to the civilian population and individual civilians.

Article 51 describes the protection that must be given to civilians ( unless they are unprivileged combatants ) and civilian populations.

As a result of these changes, the only remaining reference to the King, albeit a deliberately oblique one, was in a proviso to Article 51, authorising the Executive Council ( government ) to " avail ", for the appointment of diplomats, etc.

An important exception to the foregoing are defensive military actions taken under Article 51 of the UN Charter.

" ( UN Charter, Article 51 ) The Security Council will determine if the action is legally the " right of individual or collective self-defence ", or it may appoint another UN organ to do this.

The Claims Commission found that this was in essence an affirmation of the existence of a state of war between belligerents, not a declaration of war, and that Ethiopia also notified the United Nations Security Council, as required under Article 51 of the UN Charter.

Some have argued that Article 51 of the UN Charter permits self-defense, however, article 51 also stipulates that self-defense by a member state is justified only if, " an armed attack occurs ," against it.

The President is granted immunity for all his actions by Article 51 of the Constitution and is not answerable to anybody for his actions, and no criminal charges can be brought to the Court against him.

Article 51 ( 1 ) of the Charter addresses the Charter to the EU's institutions, bodies established under EU law and, when implementing EU laws, the EU's member states.

In addition both Article 6 of the amended Treaty of European Union and Article 51 ( 2 ) of the Charter itself restrict the Charter from extending the competences of the EU.

Wars are often fought with one or both parties to a conflict invoking the right to self-defence under Article 51 of the United Nations Charter, ( as the United Kingdom did in 1982 before the start of the Falklands War ) or under the auspices of a United Nations Security Council resolution ( such as the United Nations Security Council Resolution 678 which gave legal authorization for the Gulf War ).

However under Article 51 this power was only exercisable " in accordance with the law, practice and constitutional usage governing the exercise of the Executive Authority in the case of the Dominion of Canada ".

Lord Kilmuir contended that the military intervention in the 1956 Suez Crisis was justified under the self-defence provisions of Article 51 of the United Nations Charter.

Ienaga claimed that the system of textbook authorization, which is based on Article 21 and 51 of School Education Law ( 学校教育法 ) among others, was unjust and unconstitutional because:

Article 51 deals with the protocols attached to the treaties and article 52 with the geographic application of the treaty.

* OS2eZine Article: WPS for Windows v1. 51

Under Article 51 of the Transitory Provisions the constitution could be amended during the initial period of 1937 to 1941 without the need for a popular vote.

The amendment was, in part, adopted as the last chance to implement a list of desired changes before the provisions of Article 51 lapsed.

The Constitution of Brazil knows also two elements of direct democracy, stated in Article 14.

In the United States, the power of the federal judiciary to review and invalidate unconstitutional acts of the federal executive branch is stated in the constitution, Article III sections 1 and 2: " The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish.

Article 17 ( 1 ) of the Treaty on European Union stated that: Citizenship of the Union is hereby established.

Article 2 of the 1889 Meiji Constitution ( the Constitution of the Empire of Japan ) stated, " The Imperial Throne shall be succeeded to by imperial male descendants, according to the provisions of the Imperial House Law.

Article 4 of the Constitution of the Republic of China originally stated that " he territory of the Republic of China within its existing national boundaries shall not be altered except by a resolution of the National Assembly ", although recent constitutional changes have moved this power to that of a national referendum.

Islamic principles were embedded in the 1987 constitution, for instance, Article 2 of the constitution stated that Islam was the state religion, and Article 73 stated that the head of state had to be born into a Muslim Afghan family.

Before 2006 democracy movement in Nepal forced King to restore democracy in 2006, Article 119 of the 1990 constitution stated that the His Majesty the King is the Supreme Commander of the Royal Nepal Army.

At present, however, the Irish version of the subsection prevails in accordance with the rule stated in Article 25. 5. 4 °.

( The Constitution of Ireland in Article 3 explicitly stated that " ending the re-integration of the national territory " the authority of the Irish state did not extend to Northern Ireland.

FARC-EP Commander Simón Trinidad has stated that FARC does not allow the enlistment of people under 15 years of age, arguing that this is in accordance with Article 38 of the United Nations ' Convention on the Rights of the Child.

Article 81 of the Constitution stated that " the sovereign rights of Union Republics shall be safeguarded by the USSR ".

He also stated that by defining treason in the U. S. Constitution and placing it in Article III " the founders intended the power to be checked by the judiciary, ruling out trial by military commission.

As is stated in Article 2 of the Convention, this requires that GHG concentrations are stabilized in the atmosphere at a level where ecosystems can adapt naturally to climate change, food production is not threatened, and economic development can proceed in a sustainable fashion.

War Resisters International has stated that the right to conscientious objection to military service is primarily derived from, but not yet explicit in, Article 18 the UDHR: the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion.

One important constitutional principle which is stated in Article 8 of the Legislation Law of the People's Republic of China is that an action can become a crime only as a consequence of a law passed by the full NPC and that other organs of the Chinese government do not have the power to criminalize activity.

As stated in Article 1, the purpose of the protocol is to " establish a system of regular visits undertaken by independent international and national bodies to places where people are deprived of their liberty, in order to prevent torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.

It included the provision for a court to interpret the treaty, and Article 3 " Prohibition of torture " stated ; " No one shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.

For instance, Article 2 of the constitution stated that Islam was the state religion, and Article 73 stated that the head of state had to be born into a Muslim Afghan family.

Article 8 in the 1817 treaty with the Cherokee stated Cherokees may wish to become citizen of the United States.