Louis Althusser, for example, defined philosophy as " class struggle in theory ", thus radically separating himself from those who claimed philosophers could adopt a " God's eye view " as a purely neutral judge.

However, the cumulative aspect of progress, both in philosophy and science, is not considered by Althusser as obtained " once for all ": it is always a political struggle against ideology, which endlessly penetrates science and philosophy.

As did Louis Althusser, who later defined Marxism and psychoanalysis as " conflictual sciences "; that political factions and revisionism are inherent to Marxist theory and political praxis, because dialectical materialism is the philosophic product of class struggle:

The book collects essays developed by Louis Althusser and his students in a seminar on Karl Marx's Das Kapital which took place earlier in 1965. the only English-language edition, a partial translation by Ben Brewster, includes only the contributions of Althusser and Étienne Balibar, while the original French edition includes several additional essays by other students in the seminar, including Roger Establet, Jacques Rancière, and Pierre Macherey.

In a 1970 preface Althusser repudiated some of the positions taken in the book, calling his earlier definition of philosophy as the " theory of theoretical practice " a theoreticist stance and hence " incorrect.

* Ideological State Apparatus, a term used by Marxist philosopher Louis Althusser for how society reshapes the individual in its own image

Althusser proposed a ' new definition ' of philosophy as " class struggle in theory "... marxism had proper signification ( and original " problematic ") only insofar as it was the theory of the tendency towards communism, and in view of its realization.

However, if dialectical materialism was considered by Althusser as a " scientific theory ", this does not mean it was permanently assured of its truth: it is a science, not a prophecy!

" the representation of dream thoughts in images privileged by their condensation of a number of thoughts in a single image ( condensation ), or by the transference of psychic energy from a particularly potent thought to apparently trivial things ... Althusser overdetermination of a contradiction is the reflection in it of its conditions of existence within the complex whole.

Althusser considered its return to a detailed engagement with the work of Marx parallel to the return to Freud initiated by Jacques Lacan in psychoanalysis.

For Althusser, the beliefs, desires, preferences and judgements of the human individual are the product of social practices, as society moulds the individual in its own image through its ideologies.

Michael Sprinker ( 8 February 1950 in Elgin, Illinois – 12 August 1999 ) was a literary critic known for his writings on Louis Althusser, Walter Benjamin and Bertolt Brecht, among others, as well as for his editorial work at Verso, Cambridge University Press, the New Left Review and The Minnesota Review.

Nonetheless, such a teleological ( goal-oriented ) reading of Karl Marx, supported by Alexandre Kojève before the Second World War ( 1939 – 45 ), was criticized by Louis Althusser in his discussion of “ random materialism ” ( matérialisme aléatoire ), in which he said that such a teleological reading rendered the proletariat as the subject of history ; therefore, such an interpretation was tainted with Hegelian idealism, with the “ philosophy of the subject ”, that had been in force for five centuries, which he criticized as the “ bourgeois ideology of philosophy ”.

Jacques Rancière ( born Algiers, 1940 ) is a French philosopher, Professor of Philosophy at European Graduate School in Saas-Fee and Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at the University of Paris ( St. Denis ) who came to prominence when he co-authored Reading Capital ( 1968 ), with the structural Marxist philosopher Louis Althusser.

In the 1980s, as both Althusserian Marxism and Lacanian psychoanalysis went into decline ( with Lacan dead and Althusser in an asylum ), Badiou published more technical and abstract philosophical works, such as Théorie du sujet ( 1982 ), and his magnum opus, Being and Event ( 1988 ).

Althusser used the term interpellation ( see Louis Althusser, Essays on Ideology ( Verson: 1970 ), p. 11 ) to describe the process by which ideology, embodied in major social and political institutions, constitutes the nature of individual subjects ' identities through the very process of institutions and discourses of ' hailing ' them in social interactions.

In his book For Marx ( 1965 ), Louis Althusser claims that “ in On the Jewish Question, Hegel ’ s Philosophy of the State, etc., and even usually in The Holy Family (...) Marx was merely applying the theory of alienation, that is, Feuerbach ’ s theory of ‘ human nature ’, to politics and the concrete activity of man, before extending it ( in large part ) to political economy in the Manuscripts ”.

Inspired by the Chinese Cultural Revolution and the thought of Mao Zedong, and in cooperation with the Marxist philosopher Louis Althusser, Bettelheim was opposed to " economism " and to the " primacy of the means of production " of traditional Marxism: against the idea that socialist transformation of social bonds was a necessary effect of the development of the forces of production ( liberating those bonds from them, according to Marxist orthodoxy, since private property dominates them in " bourgeois " society ), he affirmed the necessity for actively and politically transforming social connections.

At the École Normale Supérieure, Miller studied with Louis Althusser at the same time as Jacques Derrida and Jacques Rancière, but soon he was following the teachings of Jacques Lacan who in 1964 had been appointed lecturer at the École Pratique des Hautes Etudes.

The journal, like the book, focuses on the further elaboration of the philosophical and political thought of the Italian operaismo, but seems also to rest on Foucault, Althusser, and Deleuze's thought.

" At least part of the negative academic reception to Sexual Personae can be attributed to Paglia's ignoring such prominent structuralist / post-structuralist thinkers as Althusser, Derrida, Foucault and Lacan, knowledge of whom had become de rigueur in the academic humanities by the book's 1990 publication.

As Inspector General and then President of the Jury d ' Agrégation in philosophy, Canguilhem had a tremendous and direct influence over philosophical instruction in France in the latter half of the twentieth century and was known to more than a generation of French academic philosophers as a demanding and exacting evaluator who, as Louis Althusser remarked, believed he could correct the philosophical understanding of teachers by bawling them out.

In 1978 he published The Poverty of Theory which attacked the structuralist Marxism of Louis Althusser and his followers in Britain on New Left Review, ( famously saying "... all of them are Geschichtenscheissenschlopff, unhistorical shit.

It published work by Walter Benjamin, Jacques Lacan, El Lissitsky, Hans Magnus Enzensberger, Herbert Marcuse, Theodor Adorno, Antonio Gramsci, and Louis Althusser, and interviewed Jean-Paul Sartre, Georg Lukács, and Lucio Colletti.

* Louis Althusser, For Marx, first published in 1965 as Pour Marx by François Maspero, S. A., Paris.

To these he added a third ' critical ' dimension which built upon insights from Gramsci and Althusser.

This process is first evident in his 1984 book The Media, which took inspiration the empirical perspective of the Marxist historian E. P. Thompson, especially his The Poverty of Theory, to make a highly critical review of the Marxist theories of Louis Althusser and Stuart Hall.

Western Marxists have varied in terms of political commitment: Lukács, Gramsci and Althusser were all members of Soviet-aligned parties ; Karl Korsch was heavily critical of Soviet Marxism, advocating council communism and later becoming increasingly interested in anarchism ; the theorists of The Frankfurt School tended towards political quietism, although Herbert Marcuse became known as the ' father of the New Left '; Sartre, Merleau-Ponty and Lefebvre were, at different periods, supporters of the Communist Party of France, but all would later become disillusioned with it ; Ernst Bloch lived in and supported the Soviet Union, but lost faith in it towards the end of his life.

However, the claims of such cultural universalism have been criticized by various 19th and 20th century social thinkers, including Marx, Nietzsche, Foucault, Derrida, Althusser and Deleuze.

Sartre's emphasis on the humanist values in the early works of Marx led to a dispute with a leading leftist intellectual in France in the 1960s, Louis Althusser, who claimed that the ideas of the young Marx were decisively superseded by the " scientific " system of the later Marx.

According to Althusser, the " subject " is an ideological construction ( more exactly, constructed by the " Ideological State Apparatuses ").

Influential collection of texts by Mills, Marcuse, Fanon, Cohn-Bendit, Castro, Hall, Althusser, Kolakowski, Malcolm X, Gorz & others.

This was the time of Jean-Paul Sartre and Louis Althusser, and the victories of Mao Zedong in China and Fidel Castro in Cuba, as well as the events of May 1968 led to increased interest in revolutionary ideology, especially by the New Left.

However, by the late 1960s, many of Structuralism's basic tenets came under attack from a new wave of predominantly French intellectuals such as the philosopher and historian Michel Foucault, the philosopher and social commentator Jacques Derrida, the Marxist philosopher Louis Althusser, and the literary critic Roland Barthes.

* For Marx, by Louis Althusser, Verso ( 1900 )

* Ideological state apparatuses, a philosophical construct by Louis Althusser

Balibar observes that, in the end, Althusser enjoined the most sober definition of communism, exposed by Marx in The German Ideology: Communism is " not a state of the future, but the real movement which destroys the existing state of being.

This positivist reading, which mostly based itself on Engels ' latter writings in an attempt to theorize " scientific socialism " ( an expression coined by Engels ) has been challenged by Marxist theorists, such as Lukacs, Gramsci, Althusser or, more recently, Étienne Balibar.

However, this positivist reading, which mostly based itself on Engels ' latter writings in an attempt to theorize " scientific socialism " ( an expression coined by Engels ) has been challenged by Marxist theorists, such as Antonio Gramsci or Althusser.

However, other Marxists, especially those influenced by Louis Althusser, are just as strongly anti-humanist.

As Marxism is essentially concerned with the historical process and the possibility of a revolution, that is of superating capitalism, Marxist philosophy, from Marx and Engels to Althusser passing by Lukács, etc., has discussed at lengths the problems of possible historical progress of philosophy and what would that mean.

Althusser, for example, considered the " epistemological break " ( separating protosciences from sciences ) to apply itself to philosophy itself: the discovery by Marx of a new " continent " of knowledge, History, provided the epistemological break between ancient metaphysics and modern dialectical materialism.