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As Arab contact with the West expanded, so too did the game and its various permutations, and by the twelfth century, chess was becoming an entertaining diversion among a growing population of Europeans, including some scholars, clergy, the aristocracy, and the merchant classes ; thus, by the thirteenth century, the iconography and symbolism associated with chess would have been accessible and familiar to Alfonso and his literate court culture, who may have had access to the private library, and manuscripts, of Alfonso, including the Libro de juegos.
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Arab and contact
A number of these organizations are striving to foster positive relationships between the Arab and Jewish populations: The Harduf Waldorf school includes both Jewish and Arab faculty and students, and has extensive contact with the surrounding Arab communities.
Greek medicine was part of Greek culture, and Syrian Eastern Christians came in contact with it while the Eastern Roman Empire ( Byzantium ) ruled Syria and Western Mesopotamia, regions that were conquered from Byzantium in the 7th century by Arab Muslims.
He was playing a double-game, being just as much in contact with the Jewish authorities as with the Arab League.
Alfonso was likely influenced by his contact with scholars in the Arab world.
Additionally, Meroe maintained contact with Arab and Indian traders along the Red Sea coast and incorporated Greek Hellenistic and Indian Hindu cultural influences into its daily life.
When, in 1957, the GDR opened an office in Cairo to establish contact with the entire Arab world, the Federal Republic did not withdraw its ambassador from Egypt.
It is generally assumed that Islam came to Indochina much after its arrival in China during the Tang Dynasty ( 618 – 907 ), and that Arab traders in the region came into direct contact only with the Chams, and not others.
In the United Arab Emirates the 999 service is used to contact the police who are also capable of forwarding the call as appropriate to the ambulance or fire services.
Business with traders from other Countries also meant contact with other cultures and civilizations, such as those of Japan, Han Chinese, Indian people, and Arab people.
Abdullah maintained contact with the British throughout the First World War and in 1915 encouraged his father to enter into correspondence with Sir Henry McMahon, British high commissioner in Egypt, about Arab independence from Turkish rule.
The Arab and mostly Berber immigrants who settled in the existing towns were drawn into broad contact with natives.
The Emir of Córdoba, Abd ar-Rahman I's policy of allowing the ethnic Arab politico-military elite to practise agriculture further encouraged economic and cultural contact and cohesion.
During the Minor Occultation ( Ghaybat al-Sughra ), it is believed that al-Mahdi maintained contact with his followers via deputies ( Arab.
The expansion of the Arab people in the 7th and 8th century brought them into contact with a variety of different peoples who would affect their culture.
: Rumours that Abdullah was once again in contact with the Jewish leaders further damaged his standing in the Arab world.
The Palestinian Arab half of Haifa was remote from other Major Palestinian Arab centres and that contact had been cut off by the Palestinian Jewish villages along the approach roads to Haifa.
After the fall of Rome, alchemy and philosophy and other aspects of the tradition were largely preserved in the Arab and Near Eastern world and introduced into Western Europe by Jews and by the cultural contact between Christians and Muslims that occurred due to the Crusades and the Reconquista.
As soon as he arrived, however, Maclean had problems with his KGB contact, who arranged their meetings in the Arab quarter.
During the division's participation in the Italian Front, the Buffalo Soldiers made contact with units of many nationalities: beyond the attached 442nd RCT, they also had contact with the segregated troops of the British and French colonial empires ( Black Africans, Moroccans, Algerians, Indians, Gurkhas, Arab and Jewish Palestinians ) as well as with exiled Poles, Greeks and Czechs, anti-fascist Italians and the nonsegregated troops of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force.
The organization also provided addresses for Jews living in Arab and Soviet Bloc countries as well as Jewish prisoners who were put in contact with others in the same situation.
Arab and with
The Middle Ages have known many arabic writers who revolutionized the Arab world literature with authors like Ahmad al-Buni and Ibn Manzur and Ibn Khaldoun who wrote the Muqaddimah while staying in Algeria, and many others.
He is the so-called " Mad Arab " credited with authoring the imaginary book Kitab al-Azif ( the Necronomicon ), and as such is an integral part of Cthulhu Mythos lore.
The phrase " mad Arab ", sometimes with both words capitalized in Lovecraft's stories, is used so commonly before Alhazred's name that it almost constitutes a title.
Azerbaijan currently has diplomatic relations with 160 countries: Afghanistan, Bahrain, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, the People's Republic of China, Denmark, Egypt, France, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Greece, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Kuwait, Libya, Luxembourg, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Netherlands, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Poland, Qatar, Republic of India, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Togo, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uzbekistan and Vietnam.
Della Valle described Anah as the chief Arab town on the Euphrates, an importance which it owes to its position on one of the routes from the west to Baghdad ; Texeira said that the power of its amir extended to Palmyra ( early 17th century ); but Olivier found the ruling prince with only twenty-five men in his service, the town becoming more depopulated every day from lack of protection from the Arabs of the desert.
Modern-day Arab telephone keypad with two forms of Arabic numerals: Western Arabic / European numerals on the left and Eastern Arabic numerals on the right
The numeral system came to be known to both the Persian mathematician Al-Khwarizmi, whose book On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals written about 825 in Arabic, and the Arab mathematician Al-Kindi, who wrote four volumes, " On the Use of the Indian Numerals " ( Ketab fi Isti ' mal al -' Adad al-Hindi ) about 830.
During 248 AD, Philip the Arab celebrated Rome's first millennium, together with Ludi saeculares for Rome's alleged tenth saeculum.
At that moment, the nominal ruler of al-Andalus, emir Yusuf ibn ' Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri ( another member of the Fihrid family, and a favorite of the old Arab settlers ( baladiyun ), mostly of south Arabian or ' Yemenite ' tribal stock ) was locked in a contest with his vizier ( and son-in-law ) al-Sumayl ibn Hatim al-Qilabi, the head of the new settlers ( shamiyum, the Syrian junds or military regiments, mostly of north Arabian Qaysid tribes, which had arrived only in 742 ).
During the 7th century, Arab armies made their way into the region of Afghanistan from Khorasan with the new religion of Islam.
Aside from relations with other ASEAN states, Brunei also has extensive relations with the Islamic and Arab world.
* The Boy with the Arab Strap ( 1998 )
The enemies of the Jews-Sanballat of Samaria, Tobiah the Ammonite, Geshem the Arab, and the men of Ashdod-plot to attack Jerusalem which necessitates the Jews working with weapons in their hands.
Henry McMahon had exchanged letters with Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca in 1915, in which he had promised Hussein control of Arab lands with the exception of " portions of Syria " lying to the west of " the districts of Damascus, Homs, Hama and Aleppo ".
He called on the Arab population in Palestine to welcome the Jews as brethren and cooperate with them for the common welfare.
President Habré hoped to pursue closer relations with Arab states as a potential opportunity to break out of his Chad's post-imperial dependence on France, and to assert Chad's unwillingness to serve as an arena for superpower rivalries.
For these reasons, he was expected to seize opportunities during the 1990s to pursue closer ties with the Arab World.
Traces of this original culture have blended with successive waves of African, Arab, Malagasy and Shirazi immigrants.
The government fostered close relationships with the more conservative ( and oil-rich ) Arab states, such as Saudi Arabia and Kuwait.
Concurrently, Cairo has established itself as a political and economic hub for North Africa and the Arab World, with many multinational businesses and organizations, including the Arab League, operating out of the city.
Arab and West
In West Asia and the Eastern Mediterranean early copper zinc alloys are now known in small numbers from a number of third Millennium BC sites in the Aegean, Iraq, the United Arab Emirates, Kalmykia, Turkmenistan and Georgia and from 2nd Millennium BC sites in West India, Uzbekistan, Iran, Syria, Iraq and Israel.
* Maliki ( North Africa, the Muslim areas of West Africa, Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain )
However, the Invasion of Kuwait that triggered the Gulf War brutally changed Iraq's relations with the Arab World and the West.
* The Palestine Liberation Organization of the disputed territories in the West Bank and Gaza Strip received support from Libya, as well as many other Arab states.
* Arab transmission of the Classics to the West
Al Jazeera is frequently criticized both in the West and in the Arab world.
This was a major breakthrough as more than a year of political wrangling could not yield an agreement despite pressure from the West and the Arab League.
In 1988, Ze ' evi established the Moledet ( Homeland ) party advocating the population transfer of Arabs from Judea and Samaria ( West Bank ) and the Gaza Strip to the neighboring Arab countries.
Ze ' evi advocated the population transfer by agreement of 3. 3 million residents of the West Bank and Gaza to Arab nations.
The Syrian Arab Republic is an Arab country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.
That they rallied not so much to Saddam Hussein as to the bipolar nature of the confrontation ( the West versus the Arab Muslim world ) and the issues that Saddam proclaimed: Arab unity, self-sufficiency, and social justice.
Former President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali has maintained Tunisia's long-time policy of seeking good relations with the West, while playing an active role in Arab and African regional bodies.
To counter this, the British attempted to unite the various states under its protection and, on 11 February 1959, six of the West Aden Protectorate states formed the Federation of Arab Emirates of the South to which nine other states were subsequently added.
Yemen supports the Arab Peace Initiative, which calls for Israel's full withdrawal from all occupied territories and the establishment of a Palestinian state in the West Bank and Gaza Strip in exchange for full normalization of relations with all Arab states in the region.
The war ended in an Arab defeat and Israel's occupation of several Arab territories, including the West Bank and Gaza Strip.
It called for a Palestinian national authority over every part of liberated Palestinian territory, which refers to areas captured by Arab forces in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War ( present-day West Bank, East Jerusalem and Gaza Strip ).
These remarks from Arafat indicated a shift away from one of the PLO's primary aims — the destruction of Israel ( as entailed in the Palestinian National Covenant )– and toward the establishment of two separate entities: an Israeli state within the 1949 armistice lines, and an Arab state in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.
His support from Arab leaders tended to increase whenever he was pressured by Israel ; for example, when Israel declared in 2003 it had made the decision, in principle, to remove him from the Israeli-controlled West Bank.
* The Palestinian National Authority is created in 1994 in accordance with the Oslo Accords, giving Palestinian Arab people official autonomy over the Gaza Strip and West Bank, though not official independence from Israel.
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