In the sixties, Greenberg's and Fried's modernist doctrine dominated the American discussions on art ; meanwhile, the artists Allan Kaprow, Dick Higgins, Henry Flynt, Mel Bochner, Robert Smithson and Joseph Kosuth wrote articles on art exemplifying a pluralistic anti-and post-modernist tendency which gained more influence at the end of the sixties.

As Kaprow explains in the aforementioned essay, since the performances are always different, each one of these artists cannot lose their creative drive to a mainstream force.

Jack Kerouac referred to Kaprow as " The Happenings man ", and an ad showing a woman floating in outer space declared, " I dreamt I was in a happening in my Maidenform brassiere ".

Kaprow ’ s piece 18 Happenings in 6 Parts ( 1959 ) is commonly cited as the first happening, although that distinction is sometimes given to a 1952 performance of Theater Piece No. 1 at Black Mountain College by John Cage, one of Kaprow's teachers in the mid-1950s.

Prototypic for the artform later explicitly labeled " performance art ", were works of artists like Yoko Ono with her Wall piece for orchestra ( 1962 ); Carolee Schneemann with pieces like Meat Joy ( 1964 ); Wolf Vostell with his Happening YOU ( 1964 in New York ); Joseph Beuys with How to Explain Pictures to a Dead Hare ( 1965 ); Yayoi Kusama, with actions such as a naked flag-burning on the Brooklyn Bridge ( 1968 ) and Allan Kaprow in his many Happenings.

Notably in the Happenings of Allan Kaprow, the audience members become performers.

Other artists who created Happenings besides Kaprow include Jim Dine, Claes Oldenburg, Robert Whitman, and Wolf Vostell: Theater is in the Street ( Paris in 1958 ).

Allan Kaprow, Joseph Beuys, Nam June Paik, Wolf Vostell, Claes Oldenburg, Jim Dine, Red Grooms, and Robert Whitman among others were notable creators of Happenings.

From 1961 on, Johnson periodically staged events he called " Nothings ", described to his friend William Wilson as “ an attitude as opposed to a happening ”, which would parallel the “ Happenings ” of Allan Kaprow and later Fluxus events.

Pioneered with artists Claes Oldenburg and Allan Kaprow, in conjunction with musician John Cage, the " Happenings " were chaotic performance art that was a stark contrast with the more somber mood of the expressionists popular in the New York art world.

The most commonly cited include the series of Chamber's Street loft concerts, New York, curated by Yoko Ono and La Monte Young in 1961 featuring pieces by Jackson Mac Low and Henry Flynt, the month-long Yam festival held in upstate New York by George Brecht and Robert Watts in May, 1963 with Ray Johnson and Allan Kaprow that was the culmination of a year's worth of Mail Art pieces, and a series of concerts held in Mary Bauermeister's studio, Cologne, 1960-61 featuring Nam June Paik and John Cage amongst many others.

One definition comes from Wardrip-Fruin and Montfort in The New Media Reader, " The term " Happening " has been used to describe many performances and events, organized by Allan Kaprow and others during the 1950s and 1960s, including a number of theatrical productions that were traditionally scripted and invited only limited audience interaction.

As well as Maciunas ' concerts at the AG Gallery, March 1961 featuring music and events by Maciunas himself, Ichiyanagi, Mac Low and Higgins, the two other most important precursors to fluxus were La Monte Young's influential series of performances in the Chambers Street loft of Yoko Ono and Ichiyanagi Toshi, in 1961 involving Henry Flynt, La Monte Young, Joseph Byrd & Robert Morris amongst others ; and Robert Watts and George Brecht's Yam Festival, spring 1963 at Rutgers University and New York, which included a series of mail art event scores and performances by John Cage, Allan Kaprow, Alison Knowles, Ay O and Dick Higgins.

In 1960, whilst attending composition classes of the electronic composer Richard Maxfield at the New School for Social Research in New York, Maciunas met many of the future participants of Fluxus, including La Monte Young, Al Hansen, Allan Kaprow, & Jackson Mac Low.

As an undergraduate at New York University, Kaprow was influenced by John Dewey's book Art as Experience

At that point he received a grant from the Carnegie Corporation of New York ( September 1968 to June 1969 ) to work with Allan Kaprow, the “ happener ,” who was a Professor of Art at the State University of New York, Stoneybrook, on teacher education and the development of creative curriculum that crossed disciplinary and artistic boundaries.

The meetings also led to both Brecht and Kaprow attending John Cage's class at The New School for Social Research, New York, often driving down together from New Brunswick.

Cage accepted, and returned the invitation ; it was whilst Brecht, Kaprow and their families were visiting his house in Stony Point on the Hudson, that Cage invited them to attend his classes in New York.

Eventually Kaprow shifted his practice into what he called " Activities ", intimately scaled pieces for one or several players, devoted to the study of normal human activity in a way congruent to ordinary life.

* Happening: Allan Kaprow

Kaprow had coined the term Happening describing a new artform, at the beginning of the 1960s.

Allan Kaprow coined the term Happening to describe the art performances that took place on Segal's farm in the Spring of 1957.

Both Kaprow and Boal are reinventing theater to try to make plays more interactive and to abolish the traditional narrative form to make theater something more free-form and organic.

Subsequently, Blau was instrumental in hiring a number of professionals like Mel Powell ( dean of the School of Music ), Paul Brach ( dean of the School of Art ), Alexander Mackendrick ( dean of the School of Film / Video ), sociologist Maurice Stein ( dean of Critical Studies ), and Richard Farson ( dean of the School of Design ; now incorporated in the Art school ) as well other influential program heads and teachers such as Allan Kaprow, Bella Lewitzky, Michael Asher, Jules Engel, John Baldessari, Judy Chicago, James Hurtak, Ravi Shankar, Max Kozloff, Miriam Shapiro and Douglas Huebler, most of whom largely came from a counterculture and avant-garde side of the art world.

He has organized museum retrospectives of Allan Kaprow ( 1979 ) and Komar and Melamid ( 1980 ), both at the Ulrich Museum of Art in Kansas.

When he is 18, John gets in touch with a paleonthologist, Alistair Patrick Blair, who serves as prime minister in the fictional country of Zarakal ( approximately representing Kenya according to the author's preface ) and works closely with a US physical scientist, Woodrow Kaprow, who has developed a time machine which brings John back to the era he dreams of.

Interestingly, Kaprow claimed that " some of us will become famous, and we will have proven once again that the only success occurred when there was a lack of it ".

Faulkner's total works today, and in fact those of his works which existed in 1946 when Mr. Cowley made his comment, or in 1939, when Mr. O'Donnell wrote his essay, reveal no such simple attitude toward the South.

Another possibility, raised in an essay by the Swedish fantasy writer and editor Rickard Berghorn, is that the name Alhazred was influenced by references to two historical authors whose names were Latinized as Alhazen: Alhazen ben Josef, who translated Ptolemy into Arabic ; and Abu ' Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham, who wrote about optics, mathematics and physics.

He wrote in his essay " The Rebel " that his whole life was devoted to opposing the philosophy of nihilism while still delving deeply into individual freedom.

Andy Medhurst wrote in his 1991 essay " Batman, Deviance, and Camp " that Batman is interesting to gay audiences because " he was one of the first fictional characters to be attacked on the grounds of his presumed homosexuality ," " the 1960s TV series remains a touchstone of camp ," and " merits analysis as a notably successful construction of masculinity.

Thomas Malthus wrote two books, An essay on the principle of population, published in 1798, and Principles of political economy, published in 1820.

Michael Mehaffy wrote an introductory essay on Christopher Alexander's built work in the online publication " Katarxis 3 ", which includes a gallery of Alexander's major built projects to date ( September 2004 ).

In 1746 he wrote his first original work: the Pensées philosophiques, and he added to this a short complementary essay on the sufficiency of natural religion.

) Philosopher Simon Blackburn wrote a rejoinder to Stove, though a subsequent essay by Stove's protegee James Franklin's suggested that Blackburn's response actually " confirms Stove's central thesis that Darwinism can ' explain ' anything.

He also wrote an extended essay attacking the ideologists on both sides of the cold war, Double Exposure ( 1985 ) and edited a collection of essays opposing Ronald Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative, Star Wars ( 1985 ).

Leszek Kołakowski wrote a very harsh criticism of Thompson in his 1974 essay " My Correct Views on Everything ," picking apart Thompson's left-wing views.

While there, Kraepelin wrote a prize-winning essay, " The Influence of Acute Illness in the Causation of Mental Disorders.

In March 1981, Dan Okrent wrote an essay about the Rotisserie League for Inside Sports called " The Year George Foster Wasn't Worth $ 36.

Hayek wrote an essay, " Why I Am Not a Conservative " ( included as an appendix to The Constitution of Liberty ), in which he disparaged conservatism for its inability to adapt to changing human realities or to offer a positive political program, remarking, " Conservatism is only as good as what it conserves ".

Blair hated the school and many years later wrote an essay " Such, Such Were the Joys ", published posthumously, based on his time there.

He wrote in the conclusion to his 1940 essay on Charles Dickens,

In his essay Politics and the English Language ( 1946 ), Orwell wrote about the importance of precise and clear language, arguing that vague writing can be used as a powerful tool of political manipulation because it shapes the way we think.

In his 1938 essay " Why I joined the Independent Labour Party ," published in the ILP-affiliated New Leader, Orwell wrote:

Towards the end of the essay, he wrote: " I do not mean I have lost all faith in the Labour Party.

John Beverley Robinson wrote an essay called " Egoism " in which he states that " Modern egoism, as propounded by Stirner and Nietzsche, and expounded by Ibsen, Shaw and others, is all these ; but it is more.

Oscar Wilde, famous anarchist Irish people | Irish writer of the decadent movement and famous dandyThe anarchist writer and bohemian Oscar Wilde wrote in his famous essay The Soul of Man under Socialism that " Art is individualism, and individualism is a disturbing and disintegrating force.

In 1933, Schoenberg wrote an essay " Brahms the Progressive " ( re-written 1947 ), which drew attention to Brahms's fondness for motivic saturation and irregularities of rhythm and phrase ; in his last book ( Structural Functions of Harmony, 1948 ), he analysed Brahms's " enriched harmony " and exploration of remote tonal regions.

He wrote an essay on the conference, concluding that the powerful had won out.

* What We'll Find Inside the Atom by Dr. Leon Lederman is an essay he wrote for the September 15, 2008 issue of Newsweek

Oscar Wilde, famous anarchist Irish people | Irish writer who published the libertarian socialist work titled The Soul of Man under SocialismThe anarchist writer and bohemian Oscar Wilde wrote in his famous essay The Soul of Man under Socialism that " Art is individualism, and individualism is a disturbing and disintegrating force.

Kaplan wrote a seminal essay " On the Need for a University of Judaism ," in which he called for a University setting that could present Judaism as a deep culture and developing civilization.