As Kaprow wrote in his essay, "' Happenings ' in the New York Scene ", " Visitors to a Happening are now and then not sure what has taken place, when it has ended, even when things have gone ' wrong '.

One definition comes from Wardrip-Fruin and Montfort in The New Media Reader, " The term " Happening " has been used to describe many performances and events, organized by Allan Kaprow and others during the 1950s and 1960s, including a number of theatrical productions that were traditionally scripted and invited only limited audience interaction.

As well as Maciunas ' concerts at the AG Gallery, March 1961 featuring music and events by Maciunas himself, Ichiyanagi, Mac Low and Higgins, the two other most important precursors to fluxus were La Monte Young's influential series of performances in the Chambers Street loft of Yoko Ono and Ichiyanagi Toshi, in 1961 involving Henry Flynt, La Monte Young, Joseph Byrd & Robert Morris amongst others ; and Robert Watts and George Brecht's Yam Festival, spring 1963 at Rutgers University and New York, which included a series of mail art event scores and performances by John Cage, Allan Kaprow, Alison Knowles, Ay O and Dick Higgins.

Allan Kaprow coined the term Happening to describe the art performances that took place on Segal's farm in the Spring of 1957.

Both Kaprow and Boal are reinventing theater to try to make plays more interactive and to abolish the traditional narrative form to make theater something more free-form and organic.

This may leave space and time as its only dimensional constants, implying dissolution of the line between " art " and " life "; Kaprow noted that “ if we bypass ‘ art ’ and take nature itself as a model or point of departure, we may be able to devise a different kind of art ... out of the sensory stuff of ordinary life ” ( Kaprow 12 ).

Kaprow ’ s piece 18 Happenings in 6 Parts ( 1959 ) is commonly cited as the first happening, although that distinction is sometimes given to a 1952 performance of Theater Piece No. 1 at Black Mountain College by John Cage, one of Kaprow's teachers in the mid-1950s.

At school, he developed a reputation as something of a prankster, although his actions were closer to the spirit of performance art happenings promoted by one of his professors, Allan Kaprow, than to fraternity hijinks.

Eventually Kaprow shifted his practice into what he called " Activities ", intimately scaled pieces for one or several players, devoted to the study of normal human activity in a way congruent to ordinary life.

Kaprow supports that " happenings invite us to cast aside for a moment these proper manners and partake wholly in the real nature of the art and life.

Watts ' colleague Allan Kaprow would also regularly attend these informal meetings.

Prototypic for the artform later explicitly labeled " performance art ", were works of artists like Yoko Ono with her Wall piece for orchestra ( 1962 ); Carolee Schneemann with pieces like Meat Joy ( 1964 ); Wolf Vostell with his Happening YOU ( 1964 in New York ); Joseph Beuys with How to Explain Pictures to a Dead Hare ( 1965 ); Yayoi Kusama, with actions such as a naked flag-burning on the Brooklyn Bridge ( 1968 ) and Allan Kaprow in his many Happenings.

Other artists who created Happenings besides Kaprow include Jim Dine, Claes Oldenburg, Robert Whitman, and Wolf Vostell: Theater is in the Street ( Paris in 1958 ).

In addition, the program developed a substantial visiting artist tradition, bringing artists such as Dick Higgins, Vito Acconci, Allan Kaprow, Karen Finley, Robert Wilson and others to work directly with Intermedia students.

Pioneered with artists Claes Oldenburg and Allan Kaprow, in conjunction with musician John Cage, the " Happenings " were chaotic performance art that was a stark contrast with the more somber mood of the expressionists popular in the New York art world.

In the sixties, Greenberg's and Fried's modernist doctrine dominated the American discussions on art ; meanwhile, the artists Allan Kaprow, Dick Higgins, Henry Flynt, Mel Bochner, Robert Smithson and Joseph Kosuth wrote articles on art exemplifying a pluralistic anti-and post-modernist tendency which gained more influence at the end of the sixties.

His influences included Joseph Beuys and his idea of social sculpture, and artists Allan Kaprow and Dieter Roth.

Cage accepted, and returned the invitation ; it was whilst Brecht, Kaprow and their families were visiting his house in Stony Point on the Hudson, that Cage invited them to attend his classes in New York.

At that point he received a grant from the Carnegie Corporation of New York ( September 1968 to June 1969 ) to work with Allan Kaprow, the “ happener ,” who was a Professor of Art at the State University of New York, Stoneybrook, on teacher education and the development of creative curriculum that crossed disciplinary and artistic boundaries.

Notable creators of happenings included Allan Kaprow — who first used the term in 1958, Claes Oldenburg, Jim Dine, Red Grooms, and Robert Whitman.

In 1960, he started teaching at Rutgers University where he was heavily influenced by Allan Kaprow, who was also a teacher at the university.

The most commonly cited include the series of Chamber's Street loft concerts, New York, curated by Yoko Ono and La Monte Young in 1961 featuring pieces by Jackson Mac Low and Henry Flynt, the month-long Yam festival held in upstate New York by George Brecht and Robert Watts in May, 1963 with Ray Johnson and Allan Kaprow that was the culmination of a year's worth of Mail Art pieces, and a series of concerts held in Mary Bauermeister's studio, Cologne, 1960-61 featuring Nam June Paik and John Cage amongst many others.

Writer Douglas Kahn, in his work Noise, Water, Meat: A History of Sound in the Arts ( 1999 ), discusses the use of noise as a medium and explores the ideas of Antonin Artaud, George Brecht, William Burroughs, Sergei Eisenstein, Fluxus, Allan Kaprow, Michael McClure, Yoko Ono, Jackson Pollock, Luigi Russolo, and Dziga Vertov.

Allan Kaprow first coined the term " happening " in the spring of 1957 at an art picnic at George Segal's farm to describe the art pieces that were going on.

Early non-Western installation art includes events staged by the Gutai group in Japan starting in 1954, which influenced American installation pioneers like Allan Kaprow.

Kaprow had coined the term Happening describing a new artform, at the beginning of the 1960s.

Notably in the Happenings of Allan Kaprow, the audience members become performers.

Schneemann and Jonas along with Yoko Ono, Joseph Beuys, Nam June Paik, Wolf Vostell, Allan Kaprow, Vito Acconci, and Chris Burden pioneered the relationship between Body art and performance art.

Subsequently, Blau was instrumental in hiring a number of professionals like Mel Powell ( dean of the School of Music ), Paul Brach ( dean of the School of Art ), Alexander Mackendrick ( dean of the School of Film / Video ), sociologist Maurice Stein ( dean of Critical Studies ), and Richard Farson ( dean of the School of Design ; now incorporated in the Art school ) as well other influential program heads and teachers such as Allan Kaprow, Bella Lewitzky, Michael Asher, Jules Engel, John Baldessari, Judy Chicago, James Hurtak, Ravi Shankar, Max Kozloff, Miriam Shapiro and Douglas Huebler, most of whom largely came from a counterculture and avant-garde side of the art world.

Allan Kaprow, Joseph Beuys, Nam June Paik, Wolf Vostell, Claes Oldenburg, Jim Dine, Red Grooms, and Robert Whitman among others were notable creators of Happenings.

From 1961 on, Johnson periodically staged events he called " Nothings ", described to his friend William Wilson as “ an attitude as opposed to a happening ”, which would parallel the “ Happenings ” of Allan Kaprow and later Fluxus events.

* Allan Kaprow versus Robert Morris.

In 1960, whilst attending composition classes of the electronic composer Richard Maxfield at the New School for Social Research in New York, Maciunas met many of the future participants of Fluxus, including La Monte Young, Al Hansen, Allan Kaprow, & Jackson Mac Low.

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