Similar viewpoints have been expressed by Stanley Crouch in a New York Daily News piece, Charles Steele, Jr. of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and African-American columnist David Ehrenstein of the LA Times who accused white liberals of flocking to blacks who were " Magic Negros ", a term that refers to a black person with no past who simply appears to assist the mainstream white ( as cultural protagonists / drivers ) agenda.

But the legend of Cobb as a Southern white Protestant who despised blacks, Catholics and anyone who wasn't like him was fanned by sportswriter Al Stump, his first biographer, whose veracity has been called into question.

Harding also advocated the establishment of an international commission to improve race relations between whites and blacks ; however, strong political opposition by the Southern Democratic bloc prevented the commission.

Southern states disfranchised most blacks and many poor whites from 1890 – 1908 through constitutional amendments and statutes that created barriers to voter registration, and voting such as poll taxes and literacy tests.

It split from the national Democrats over what was perceived as federal intervention in the segregation practices, laws and constitutions of the Southern states, which, among other issues, had largely disfranchised most blacks and many poor whites by constitutional amendments and electoral requirements from 1890 to 1910.

Southern whites expected deference from their black co-workers, and initially Southern blacks were conditioned to grant it.

Many of the poor blacks who had come to the city from the South decided to stay in Oakland, and longstanding black residents complained that the new Southern arrivals " tended towards public disorder.

Soon after the end of Reconstruction, starting in the 1870s, Southern Democratic legislators found other means to deny the vote to blacks, through violence, intimidation, and Jim Crow laws.

From 1890 to 1908, 10 Southern states wrote new constitutions with provisions that included literacy tests, poll taxes, and grandfather clauses that permitted otherwise disqualified voters whose grandfathers voted ( thus allowing some white illiterates to vote ), some with the aim and effect of re-imposing racially motivated restrictions on the voting process that disenfranchised blacks.

Although there were numerous court cases brought to the Supreme Court, through the 1960s, Southern states effectively disfranchised most blacks.

" The NAACP's success was limited: although they did achieve important judicial rulings by the Supreme Court and some legislative successes, Southern legislators quickly devised alternate ways to keep many southern blacks disfranchised through the early 1960s.

White performers would imitate Southern blacks and satirize their dance forms while incorporating step-dancing.

However, Southern state governments refused to provide blacks with genuinely equal facilities and resources in the years after the Plessy decision.

The Supreme Court held in the case that as Southern blacks tend to vote for the Democratic Party, North Carolina's 12th congressional district was drawn based upon voting behavior, instead of upon racial characteristics.

Eventually, the Organization seizes physical control of Southern California, including the nuclear weapons at Vandenberg Air Force Base ; ethnically cleanses the area of all blacks and summarily executes all Jews and other " race traitors ".

Banda was actively opposed to the efforts of Sir Roy Welensky, a politician in Northern Rhodesia, to form a federation between Southern and Northern Rhodesia with Nyasaland, a move which he feared would result in further deprivation of rights for the Nyasaland blacks.

Southern senators had spent days filibustering legislation to end poll taxes used in the South to disenfranchise blacks and other low-income voters.

" Because the commission took for granted that the riots were the fault of white racism, it would have been awkward to have had to confront the question of why liberal Detroit blew up while Birmingham and other Southern cities — where conditions for blacks were infinitely worse — did not.

The original grandfather clauses were contained in new state constitutions and Jim Crow laws passed from 1890 to 1910 in many of the Southern United States to prevent blacks, Mexican Americans ( in Texas ), and certain whites from voting.

As decades passed, Southern states tended to expand the franchise for poor whites, but most blacks could not vote until after passage of the 1965 Voting Rights Act.

On May 1, 1863, former Congressman Vallandigham declared the war was being fought not to save the Union, but to free the blacks and enslave Southern whites.

It has been suggested that " Say Brothers, Will You Meet Us ", popular among Southern blacks, already had an anti-slavery sub-text, with its reference to " Canaan's happy shore " alluding to the idea of crossing the river to a happier place.

At the same time as black players were being reintroduced to the NFL, there was also an influx of players from the Southern United States, who held particular hostility toward blacks ; this discouraged several black players from playing in the NFL, with some opting to go north to what would become the Canadian Football League, which was at its peak of competitiveness with the NFL at the time.

Johnson was the only Southern senator who did not resign his seat during the Civil War ; he became the most prominent War Democrat from the South and supported Lincoln's military policies.

Thus the possibility of re-incorporating Portugal ( up to then Southern Galicia ) into a Kingdom of Portugal and Galicia as before was eliminated and Afonso became sole ruler ( Duke of Portugal ) after demands for independence from the county's church and nobles.

Queen Victoria chose British Columbia to distinguish what was the British sector of the Columbia District from that of the United States (" American Columbia " or " Southern Columbia "), which became the Oregon Territory in 1848 as a result of the treaty.

His first releases under his own name, " Booster Blues " and " Dry Southern Blues ," were hits ; this led to the release of the other two songs from that session, " Got the Blues " and " Long Lonesome Blues ," which became a runaway success, with sales in six figures.

Interestingly, even after Southern Cameroons voted in 1961 to leave Nigeria and became a part of Cameroon, Bakassi remained under Calabar administration in Nigeria until ICJ judgement of 2002.

Croatia and Slavonia became a part of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs composed out of all Southern Slavic territories of the now former Austro-Hungarian Monarchy with a transitional government headed in Zagreb.

Finally, near the end of the Southern and Northern Dynasties era, both Buddhist and Taoist followers compromised and became more tolerant of each other.

Southern Cross became the trial horse for the 1977 Australian Challenger " Australia " KA 5 representing the Sun City Yacht Club that was defeated 4-0 sailing off Newport Rhode Island by Courageous US26 sailing for the New York Yacht Club.

Subsequently, Germanic languages became dominant among many European countries but in Southern and Eastern Europe the Germanic elite eventually adopted the native Slavic or Latin dialects.

In 1726 the city of Les Cayes was founded on the Southern coast which became the biggest settlement in the south.

Control of trade, the flow of resources and prestige goods, became ever more important to the elites of Southern Britain ; as the provider of relatively limitless wealth and patronage, Rome steadily became the biggest player in all their dealings.

In 1898 ' Southern Rhodesia ' became the official denotation for the region south of the Zambezi, which later became Zimbabwe.

Southern Rhodesia became a self-governing British colony in October 1923, subsequent to a 1922 referendum.

Southern Ireland shortly afterwards became the Irish Free State.

" According to Martin Noth, at the Southern Palestinian stage of the growth of the Pentateuch tradition, Isaac became established as one of the biblical patriarchs, but his traditions were receded in the favor of Abraham.

In 1985, under the management of Giovanni Trapattoni, who led the Torinese team to thirteen official trophies in ten years until 1986, including six league titles and five international titles ; Juventus became the first club in the history of European football to have won all three major competitions organised by the Union of European Football Associations: the European Champions ' Cup, the ( now-defunct ) Cup Winners ' Cup and the UEFA Cup ( the first Italian and Southern European side to win the tournament ).

That same year they collectively became known as ( French Southern and Antarctic Lands ) and were administratively part of the French.

After the Eighty Years ' War, Luxembourg became a part of the Southern Netherlands, which passed to the Austrian line of the Habsburg dynasty in 1713.

Aoraki, the tallest, became the highest peak, and his brothers created the Kā Tiritiri o te Moana, the Southern Alps.

After defeat the king of Jersika, Visvaldis, became the vassal of the Bishop of Livonia and received part of his country ( Southern Latgale ) as a fiefdom.

France and the Ottoman Empire, united by mutual opposition to Habsburg rule in both Southern and Central Europe, became strong allies during this period.

Sleepy, self-sufficient Paraguay, whose advances in agriculture and quality of life had been the envy of many in the Southern Cone, became the most backward nation in that subregion.

Lee became the great Southern hero of the War, a postwar icon of the " Lost Cause of the Confederacy " to some.