As a simple, cheap and reliable device, the Russian abacus was in use in all shops and markets throughout the former Soviet Union, and the usage of it was taught in most schools until the 1990s.

Anatoly Yevgenyevich Karpov (, Anatolij Evgen ' evič Karpov ; born May 23, 1951 ) is a Russian chess grandmaster and former World Champion.

Deeply involved in the future of the Jews in the former Soviet Union, Steinsaltz serves as the region's Duchovny Ravin ( Spiritual Rabbi ), a historic Russian title which indicates that he is the spiritual mentor of Russian Jewry.

The party ceased to exist after the coup d ' état attempt in 1991 and was succeeded by the Communist Party of the Russian Federation in Russia and the communist parties of the now-independent former Soviet republics.

In 1991, the Soviet Union dissolved into separate nations, and the Cold War formally ended as the United States gave separate diplomatic recognition to the Russian Federation and other former Soviet states.

English, for example, is related to both German and Russian, but is more closely related to the former than it is to the latter.

Former Russian President Dmitry Medvedev and former Prime Minister of Denmark | Danish Prime Minister Lars Lokke Rasmussen hold a joint press conference, April 2010.

In Belarusian the replacement by е is a mistake, in Russian, it is possible to use either е and ё in print in place of ё but the former is more common.

There are many movies which are well-remembered and looked upon fondly in the former Soviet republics ; famous lines or jokes from these movies are often quoted and some have even become a part of the Russian language as sayings and idioms.

The fall of the Russian emperor opened the question of who would hold the highest political power in the former Grand Duchy.

Although the Finns had accepted the liberating manifesto ( from the period of 1908-1916 ) of March 1917 issued by the Russian Provisional Government, they planned at least an expansion of the former autonomy.

The Guards were under the command of Ali Aaltonen, a former officer in the Imperial Russian Army, who had been appointed in December 1917.

On 15 January, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, like Aaltonen a former officer in the Russian army, was appointed supreme commander of the White Guards, and on 25 January the Senate renamed the White Guards the Finnish White Army.

Although some 60, 000 to 80, 000 Russian soldiers of the former Tsar's army remained stationed in Finland at the start of the Civil War, the Russian contribution to the Red Guards ' cause was to prove negligible.

Some of them, such as Mikhail Svetšnikov, led Red troops in western Finland throughout February 1918, while other officers were mistrustful of their revolutionary underlings and co-operated with their former colleague General Mannerheim, assisting the Whites in the disarmament of the Russian garrisons in Finland.

The main strongholds of the Red defence were the Workers Hall, the Railway station, the Red Headquarters of " Smolna " ( the former palace of the Russian governor-general, in southern Esplanade ), the Senate-University area, and the former Russian garrisons in Helsinki.

The former is often thought to reflect degeneration in the Soviet Union after the Russian Revolution and the rise of Stalinism ; the latter, life under totalitarian rule.

MV Esperanza, a former fire-fighter owned by the Russian Navy, was relaunched by Greenpeace in 2002

These soon became so serious that a league was formed to crush him, and Maurice of Saxony led an army against his former comrade.

A dispute between Caesar and the Senate of Rome culminated in Caesar marching his army on Rome and forcing Pompey, accompanied by much of the Roman Senate, to flee from Italy to Greece in 49 BC where he could better conscript an army to face his former ally.

The current president, General François Bozizé is a former army chief-of-staff and his government includes several high-level military officers.

Among the country ’ s five presidents since independence in 1960, three have been former army chiefs-of-staff, who have taken power through coups d ’ état.

As of September 2011, the government is attempting to form what is called the Forces Armées Nationales de Côte d ' Ivoire ( FANCI ), which aims to merge 5, 000 former rebels of the FRCI with 30, 000 veterans of the former regular army ( Forces de défense et de sécurité-FDS ).

In 2011, the FRCI, with assistance from French forces and the UN's mission ONUCI, defeated the army of the former government of Côte d ' Ivoire.

In its temporary dispositions, the document ordered the transition from the former military government, with Augusto Pinochet as President of the Republic, and the Legislative Power of the Military Junta ( formed by the heads of the navy, air force, National Police, and a representative of the army, the head of the Army being president of the republic ), to a civil one, with a time frame of eight years, during which the Legislative Power would still be the Military Junta.

On 8 – 9 July 1960, the soldiers were invited to appoint black officers, and ' command of the army passed securely into the hands of former sergeants ,' as the soldiers in general chose the most-educated and highest-ranked Congolese army soldiers as their new officers.

While the conflict has been called by some " The War of the Amateurs ", the White Army had two major advantages over the Red Guards in the war: the professional military leadership of General Mannerheim and his staff — which included 84 Swedish volunteer officers and former Finnish officers of the Tsar's army — and 1, 450 soldiers of the 1, 900-strong, elite " Jäger " battalion.

Although Aristide accepted the plan, it was rejected by the opposition, which mostly consisted of Haitian businessmen and former members of the army ( who sought to reinstate the military following Aristide's disbandment of it ).

His efforts to rebuild the university caused a series of conflicts with the British because he wanted to allow more former army officers to study there.

Contrary to America's policy which restrained armament ( limited equipment was provided for infantry and police forces ) to South Korea, Stalin extensively armed Kim Il Sung's North Korean army and air forces with military equipment ( to include T-34 / 85 tanks ) and " advisors " far in excess of those required for defensive purposes ) in order to facilitate Kim's ( a former Soviet Officer ) aim of conquering the rest of the Korean peninsula.

June 1991, former Liberain army fighters formed rebel group United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy ( ULIMO ), entered western Liberia in September ’ 91, and gained territories from the NPFL.

In a span of less than fourth months at the start of 2012, the Malian army was defeated by the rebels who seized more than 60 % of the former Malian territory, taking all camps and position of the army, capturing and killing hundreds of Malian soldiers, while hundred others deserted or defected.

The coup leader, Saleh Ould Hanenna, a former army colonel sacked for opposing Taya's pro-Israel policies, was not captured or killed during the coup.

Saleh Ould Hanenna, a former army major, led the attempted 2003 Mauritanian coup d ' état in June 2003.

As of early 1994, the former Soviet 14th Guards Army ( about 9, 200 troops ) consisted of one army headquarters, the 59th Motor Rifle Division, one tank battalion, one artillery regiment, and one anti-aircraft brigade.

An internal police operation managed by Scott McLeod, a former F.B.I. man installed as security officer upon congressional insistence, was part of the vengeance.

Eastern Tennessee was held for the Confederacy by two unimpressive brigadier generals appointed by Jefferson Davis, Felix Zollicoffer, a brave but untrained and inexperienced officer, and soon to be Maj. Gen. George B. Crittenden, a former U. S. Army officer with apparent alcohol problems.

Hastings, a former British Army officer, first meets Poirot during Poirot's years as a police officer in Belgium and almost immediately after they both arrive in England.

* 1982 – 57 people are killed by former police officer Woo Bum-kon in a shooting spree in Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea.

* Adrian Johns ( born 1951 ), English governor of Gibraltar and former senior officer in the Royal Navy

She answered her accusers that she received tuition from Thomas Reid, a former barony officer who had died at the Battle of Pinkie some 30 years before and also from the Queen of the Elfhame which lay nearby.

Catherine Grace " Cady " Coleman ( born December 14, 1960 ) is an American chemist, a former United States Air Force officer, and a current NASA astronaut.

The crew is made up of four unique characters: Jet Black, a former ISSP police officer who retired following a mob hit that cost him his arm, Spike Spiegel, a laid-back exiled hitman of the ruthless Red Dragons ' Syndicate, Faye Valentine, a beautiful amnesiac con artist who awakened into the future world after a lengthy period of cryogenic hibernation, and Radical Edward, a hyperactive and barefooted preteen girl with a reputation as a prolific computer hacker.

Other key executives responsible for the company's meteoric growth in the late 80s and early 90s were Ross A. Cooley, another former IBM associate, who served for many years as SVP of GM North America ; Michael Swavely, who was the company's chief marketing officer in the early years, and eventually ran the North America organization, later passing along that responsibility to Mr. Cooley, when Swavely retired.

* 1933 – Donald J. Kutyna, former United States air force officer

Briton Simon Mann, a former officer in the Special Air Service, led the plot, which also included former members of the South African Army 32 Battalion.

* 1909 – Amedeo Guillet, former officer of the Italian Army ( d. 2010 )

However, it was not until the start of the 19th century that Brask's proposals were put into action by Baltzar von Platen, a German-born former officer in the Swedish Navy.

Of the ten Australians appointed since 1965, Lord Casey, Sir Paul Hasluck and Bill Hayden were former federal parliamentarians ; Sir John Kerr was the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New South Wales ; Sir Ninian Stephen and Sir William Deane were appointed from the bench of the High Court ; Sir Zelman Cowen was a vice-chancellor of the University of Queensland and constitutional lawyer ; Peter Hollingworth was the Anglican Archbishop of Brisbane ; and Major-General Michael Jeffery was a retired military officer and former Governor of Western Australia.

* Gilbert C. Maurer, former head of Hearst Magazines, then executive vice president and chief operating officer under Bennack, now a consultant

Harry's godparents were Prince Andrew ( his paternal uncle ); Lady Sarah Armstrong-Jones ( his paternal cousin once removed ); Lady Vestey ; Mrs. William Bartholomew ; Bryan Organ ; and Gerald Ward, a former officer in the Household Calvary.

Since 2000 he has portrayed Odafin " Fin " Tutuola, a former undercover narcotics officer transferred to the Special Victims Unit.

* John Walker ( RAF officer ) ( born 1936 ), former Chief of Defence Intelligence