Soon after the FDA cleared the device, several members of Public Citizen stated in a letter to the editor of the medical journal Neuropsychopharmacology that the FDA seemed to have based its decision on a post-hoc analysis that did not establish the effectiveness of rTMS for the treatment of depression.

A 2011 post-hoc analysis of the study's data estimated that the intervention produced a net cost savings of $ 593 per patient.

Even for observational data, statistical theory provides a way of calculating a value that can be used to interpret a sample of data from a population, it can provide a means of indicating how well that value is determined by the sample, and thus a means of saying corresponding values derived for different populations are as different as they might seem ; however, the reliability of inferences from post-hoc observational data is often worse than for planned randomized generation of data.

* The Student-Newman-Keuls test for post-hoc multiple comparisons.

At the other extreme, a research project may be commissioned to collect data on many attributes and use statistical analyses to derive a segmentation, also called " post-hoc " segmentation.

He argues that the grammatical " rules " linguists posit are simply post-hoc observations about existing languages, rather than predictions about what is possible in a language.

In the past, there have been many attempts by anthropologists to establish some fundamental distinction between magic and religion, most notably by James George Frazer and Bronisław Malinowski ; they tried to demonstrate that " magical thinking " is a form of proto-science or pseudoscience rather than a form of religious practice, and that by this line of thought, early magical beliefs developed through a post-hoc fallacy — a supplication was made on the altar, and then it rained shortly afterward.

Even while praising Gladwell's attractive writing style and content, Pinker sums up Gladwell as " a minor genius who unwittingly demonstrates the hazards of statistical reasoning ," while accusing him of " cherry-picked anecdotes, post-hoc sophistry and false dichotomies " in his book Outliers.

This analysis has been championed by many feminist critics.

This seems to them to be inconsistent with the way other languages are traditionally considered, where number is orthogonal to gender ( according to the critics, a Meinhof-style analysis would give Ancient Greek 9 genders ).

Using close textual analysis means rhetorical critics use the tools of classical rhetoric and literary analysis to evaluate the style and strategy used to communicate the argument.

Although critics responded to Paine's analysis of the Bible, they did not usually address his specific arguments.

For a writer who so strongly asserted the claim of Naturalist literature to be an experimental analysis of human psychology, Zola has seemed to many critics like György Lukács, to be strangely deficient in the power of creating lifelike and memorable characters.

There is no sustained, mature analysis of the notion ..." Thus, some critics object, it would be acceptable to torture one person if this would produce an amount of happiness in other people outweighing the unhappiness of the tortured individual.

These critics were concerned with a formal analysis of narrative forms which would resemble a literary mathematics, or at least a literary syntax, as far as possible.

In the song, Sadier sings " about capitalism's cruel cycles of slump and recovery " with lyrics that constitute " a plainspoken explanation of one of the central tenets of Marxian economic analysis " ( said critics Simon Reynolds and Stewart Mason, respectively ).

The book received very positive reviews from many critics such as Caryn James of The New York Times, who called it " wonderfully rich " and " a trenchant analysis of politics and power that speaks urgently ".

Further, A. C. Graham and other critics have subjected the text to a stylistic analysis and identified four strains of thought in the book: a ) the ideas of Zhuangzi or his disciples ; b ) a " primitivist " strain of thinking similar to Laozi ; c ) a strain very strongly represented in chapters 8-11 which is attributed to the philosophy of Yang Chu ; and d ) a fourth strain which may be related to the philosophical school of Huang-Lao.

Controversy arose over Millers " community standards " analysis, with critics charging that Miller encouraged forum shopping to prosecute national producers of what some believe to be " obscenity " in locales where community standards differ substantially from the rest of the nation.

His new books included Post-National Arguments: The Politics of the Anglo-Canadian Novel since 1967 ( 1993 ), Reading ' KIM ' Right ( 1993 ), an analysis of the public persona of Canada's first woman prime minister, Canadian Literary Power ( 1994 ), a study of how Canadian literary reputations are constructed and defended, Karla's Web: A Cultural Examination of the Mahaffy-French Murders ( 1994 ), an examination of how newspaper crime writing distorts both victims and criminal justice issues, Cultural Mischief: A Practical Guide to Multiculturalism ( 1996 ), a poetry collection that mocked both the sentimentalities of multiculturalism's proponents and the narcissism of its critics, and Mr & Mrs G-G ( 2002 ) an examination of Canadian Governor-General Adrienne Clarkson and her husband, writer John Ralston Saul, that accused both of a pretentiousness that misrepresented and stifled actual Canadian realities.

Based on an error analysis, Miller's critics argued that he overestimated the precision of his results, and that his measurements were actually perfectly consistent with a fringe difference of zero — the null result that every other experiment was recording.

As the popularity of the genre continues to expand, many nonfiction authors and a handful of literary critics are calling for more extensive literary analysis of the genre.

Whilst their ingenuity was recognised by contemporary and later critics, the plays lack fine language, depth of character, thought, or social analysis.

According to critics it doesn't really contribute to a real insight into Buddhism :"... most of them labour under the old cliché that the goal of Buddhist psychological analysis is to reveal the hidden mysteries in the human mind and thereby facilitate the development of a transcendental state of consciousness beyond the reach of linguistic expression.

Some critics of financial institutions agreed with this analysis but continued to press for the legislation because they believed that the financial services integrated business model was fundamentally wrong ; however the vast majority of critical articles focused on the issue of selling information to outside telemarketers.

Contemporary critics recognized that James had pushed the analysis of human consciousness and motivation to new levels, particularly in such passages as the famous Chapter 42, where Isabel meditates deep into the night about her marriage and the trap she seems to have fallen into.

Many similarities can be noted between his analysis and that of contemporary critics such as Ortega y Gasset and Oswald Spengler.

The second category of critics of the IRAC say that it tends to lead to overwriting, and oversimplifying the complexity of proper legal analysis.

Like some of the other critics, he emphasizes that inferring an interference pattern is not the same as measuring one: " Finally, the greatest weakness in the analysis given by Afshar is the inference that an interference pattern must be present.

According to Larry L. Finger's analysis, nearly all critics have agreed that the sigh represents regret as this is mirrored in the regretful tone of the opening lines.

Other critics, however, have denounced the letter as fraudulent, largely because the two sheets of paper used in creating it ( making three pages for writing, and one page for the address and postmark ) are from different stocks – yet analysis indicates that the handwriting on all three pages is the same.

Since the randomization-based analysis is complicated and is closely approximated by the approach using a normal linear model, most teachers emphasize the normal linear model approach.

The fourth generation of Annales historians, led by Roger Chartier ( 1945 – ), clearly distanced itself from the mentalities approach, replaced by the cultural and linguistic turn, which emphasize analysis of the social history of cultural practices.

General semantics ' view of " time-binding " and modern theories of scenario analysis and financial risk ( based on statistics ) emphasize a need to keep time frames of measurement and analysis carefully aligned.

Both types of courses tend to emphasize a balance among the acquisition of musical repertory ( often emphasized through listening examinations ), study and analysis of these works, biographical and cultural details of music and musicians, and writing about music, perhaps through music criticism.

Today, SCBI's efforts emphasize reproductive physiology, analysis of habitat and species relationships, genetics, husbandry and the training of conservation scientists.

Educational scholars may use the term critical media literacy to emphasize the exploration of power and ideology in media analysis.

The organization continues to “ emphasize work that is responsive to the changing conditions and problems of our 21st Century information-age economy ” with “ big ideas, impartial analysis and pragmatic solutions ” Newsweek ’ s Howard Fineman called New America “ a hive of state-of-the-art policy entrepreneurship.

* Qualitative designs emphasize understanding of social phenomena through direct observation, communication with participants, or analysis of texts, and may stress contextual and subjective accuracy over generality.

Penology and justice studies emphasize description and analysis of antecedents of criminal behavior and outcomes of consequences imposed by criminal justice on the criminal behavior.

Photos are taken vertically for the purposes of planning and spatial analysis and obliquely to emphasize certain features or give perspective.

On the other hand, some folklorists apply folkloristic perspectives to literary and textual analysis, so they can emphasize that folkloristics is not limited to ethnographic or sociological concerns.

*" that the intelligence community should emphasize the recruitment of human intelligence sources on terrorism as one of the intelligence community's highest priorities " and " the community should place new emphasis on collection and analysis of economic and science / technology security concerns, and incorporate more open source intelligence into its analytical products "

The most lasting contribution of this book to the field of security analysis was to emphasize the quantifiable aspects of security analysis ( such as the evaluations of earnings and book value ) while minimizing the importance of more qualitative factors such as the quality of a company's management.

White and Horvitz suggest that Web content providers be cognizant of their potential to heighten medical anxiety and consider the ramifications of publishing alarming medical information, emphasize the importance of Web content in facilitating patient-physician interaction, and recommend periodic surveys and analysis with different cohorts to track changes in health-seeking experiences over time.

* According to Booch, algorithmic decomposition is a necessary part of object-oriented analysis and design, but object-oriented systems start with and emphasize decomposition into classes.

Now I want to emphasize that this is a hopeless caricature, both of the practice of scientists and of Kuhn ’ s analysis of the practice.