A sestina ( ; or ; also known as sestine, sextine, sextain or sesta rima ) is a structured 39-line poem consisting of six stanzas of six lines each, followed by a three-line stanza, known either as an envoi or tornada.

It is in iambic pentameter rhyming ababab in the first stanza ; each stanza begins by repeating the previous end-words 6 then 1, but the following 4 lines repeat the remaining end-words ad lib ; the envoi is ( 1 ) 4 / ( 2 ) 3 / ( 5 ) 6.

For his second envoi, not wishing to test the Académie's tolerance too far, Bizet proposed to submit a quasi-religious work in the form of a secular mass on a text by Horace.

This replaced Carmen Saeculare as his second envoi, and was well received by the Académie, though swiftly forgotten thereafter.

Bizet's third envoi was delayed for nearly a year by the prolonged illness and eventual death, in September 1861, of his mother.

The stanzas are followed by a four-line concluding stanza ( an envoi ) usually addressed to a prince.

In English, poems with envoi have been written by poets as diverse as Austin Dobson, Algernon Charles Swinburne and Ezra Pound.

The Chant Royal is a poetic form that is a variation of the ballad form and consists of five eleven-line stanzas with a rhyme scheme a-b-a-b-c-c-d-d-e-d-E and a five-line envoi rhyming d-d-e-d-E or a seven-line envoi c-c-d-d-e-d-E. To add to the complexity, no rhyming word was used twiceIt was introduced into French poetry in the 14th century by Christine de Pizan and Charles d ' Orléans and was introduced into England towards the end of the 19th century as part of a general revival of interest in French poetic forms.

In the work of these poets, the nature of the envoi changed significantly.

However, more frequently in the works of these poets the envoi served as a commentary on the preceding stanzas, either reinforcing or ironically undercutting the message of the poem.

The two main forms used in this new literary poetry were the ballade, which employed a refrain at first but evolved to include an envoi and the chant royal, which used an envoi from the beginning.

The poem ends with an envoi, the last two lines being a repeat of the opening couplet, often in reverse order.

The envoi first appears in the songs of the medieval trouvères and troubadours ; they developed as addresses to the poet's beloved or to a friend or patron.

– each stanza promoting the previous final end-word to the first line, but otherwise leaving the order intact ; the envoi order is ( 1 ) 2 / ( 3 ) 4 / ( 5 ) 6.

In this variant the standard end-word pattern is repeated for twelve stanzas, ending with a three-line envoi, resulting in poem of 75 lines.

Sidney uses the same envoi structure as Spenser.

The envoi is ( 12 ) 10 / ( 8 ) 9 / ( 7 ) 4 / ( 3 ) 6 / ( 2 ) 1 / ( 11 ) 5.

The word bullshit does not appear in the text of the poem, though in keeping with the ballade form, the refrain " For Christ's sake stick it up your ass " appears in each following verse and concludes the envoi.

The only other requirement was the submission each year of an " envoi ", a piece of original work to the satisfaction of the Académie.

Through the winter of 1858 – 59 Bizet worked on his first envoi, an opera buffa setting of Carlo Cambiaggio's libretto Don Procopio.

Under the terms of his prize, Bizet's first envoi was supposed to be a mass, but following his Te Deum experience he was averse to writing religious music.

Bizet's fourth and final envoi, which occupied him for much of 1862, was a one-act opera, La guzla de l ' émir.

A seven-line ballade, or ballade royal, consists of four stanzas of rhyme royal, all using the same three rhymes, all ending in a refrain, without an envoi.

A ballade supreme has ten-line stanzas rhyming ababbccdcD, with the envoi ccdcD or ccdccD.

In poetry, an envoi is a short stanza at the end of a poem used either to address an imagined or actual person or to comment on the preceding body of the poem.

The envoi is relatively fluid in form, depending on the overall form of the poem and the needs and wishes of the poet.

For example, the chant royal consists of five eleven-line stanzas with a rhyme scheme a-b-a-b-c-c-d-d-e-d-E and a five-line envoi rhyming d-d-e-d-E.

File: IngresOdipusAndSphinx. jpg | Ingres ' version of Neoclassicism, Oedipus and the Sphinx, 1808

In 1808 Davy observed that electric current sent through a solution of borates produced a brown precipitate on one of the electrodes.

Britain sent a short-lived ground support force to Portugal, and French forces evacuated Portugal as defined in the Convention of Sintra following the Allied victory at Vimeiro ( 21 August 1808 ).

On 3 February 1808 the opposition leader George Ponsonby requested the publication of all information on the strength and battle-worthiness of the Danish fleet sent by the British envoy at Copenhagen.

In August 1808 Ney was sent to Spain in command of VI Corps, and won a number of minor actions.

From 1808 to 1814, he attended the priests ' seminary in Pollegio, from where he was sent to continue his education and training at the archiepiscopal seminary for priests in Milan.

Sir John Moore's expedition sent by the British government to protect Sweden from possible French-Danish attack arrived on 3 May 1808 and stayed until July when it was redirected to Portugal.

In 1808, Joachim Murat became the King of Naples after Joseph Bonaparte was sent to govern Spain.

The opposition did not at first table a vote of censure on the battle and instead on 3 February 1808 demanded the publication of all the letters sent by the British envoy in Denmark on information regarding the war-readiness of the Danish navy.

The 3rd served in the Peninsular War from 1808 to 1809, fighting at the Battle of Corunna in 1809 before being withdrawn by sea and sent to the Walcheren Campaign with the 1st Division.

In 1808 Baranov sent two ships, the Kad ' yak and the Sv.

He was made a member of the privy council in 1805 ; in 1807 he was appointed plenipotentiary at Berlin, but the mission was abandoned, and Frere was again sent to Spain in 1808 as plenipotentiary to the Central Junta.

A short British expedition under Sir John Moore was sent to Sweden ( May 1808 ) to protect against any possible Franco-Danish invasion.

When, in 1808, the Empress Josephine went to Bayonne to rejoin Napoleon I, who resided there by reason of the affairs of Spain, the municipality sent an escort of young Landese stilt walkers to meet her.

In 1808 he was sent to London to work in his uncle's sugar brokerage.

In May 1808 the British sent a fleet under Vice-Admiral Sir James Saumarez to the Baltic.

In late October 1808, Napoléon sent Decrès orders for the squadrons at Lorient and Rochefort to deliver reinforcements and supplies to Martinique.

He earned further distinction in Germany and Poland as a dashing leader of horse, and in 1808 he was sent into Spain.

Crawfurd was sent in 1808 to Penang, where he applied himself to the study of the Malay language and culture.

In 1808 the Canarian merchant Francisco Aguilar y Leal sent an expedition of 200 people from the eastern islands of Canary Islands to Montevideo, recovering so the Canary emigration to Uruguay, although it was quantitatively superior in size to that of the first half of the eighteenth century ( between 1835 and 1845 around the 8, 200 canaries emigrated to Uruguay, which constituted 17 % of all immigrants and 65 % of Spanish ).