As opposed to the approaches of psychical research, which generally sought qualitative evidence for paranormal phenomena, the experiments at Duke University proffered a quantitative, statistical approach using cards and dice.

As opposed to more traditional AI approaches subsumption architecture uses a bottom-up design.

The success of moral treatment had cast doubt on the approach of medics, and many had opposed it, but by the mid-19th century many became advocates of it but argued that the mad also often had physical / organic problems, so that both approaches were necessary.

Thus, the Rasch approach can be seen to be a confirmatory approach, as opposed to exploratory approaches that attempt to model the observed data.

Content based image retrieval is opposed to concept based approaches ( see concept based image indexing ).

Although local councils are taking positive steps towards participatory design as opposed to traditional top down approaches to planning, many communities are moving to take design into their own hands.

It is philosophically opposed to more traditional cognitivist approaches to language.

At a book party celebrating Kinsey's latest publication on gall wasps, Kinsey approaches the dean of students about an open-forum sex education course as opposed to the anti-sex propaganda taught in a general health class.

In Integrative and eclectic counselling and psychotherapy, ( Palmer and Woolfe, 1999 ), the authors make clear the distinction between integrative and eclectic approaches: " Integration suggests that the elements are part of one combined approach to theory and practice, as opposed to eclecticism which draws ad hoc from several approaches in the approach to a particular case.

Aesthetically, the band-and Mayuko Hino in particular-advocated a very emotive and cathartic approach to noise music as opposed the conceptual and intellectual approaches advocated by many European noise musicians, most notably within the " power electronics " subgenre.

CIMOSA according to Vernadat ( 1996 ), coined the term business process and introduced the process-based approach for integrated enterprise modeling based on a cross-boundaries approach, which opposed to traditional function or activity-based approaches.

Woodworth was strongly opposed to “ epistemological tables of commandments ” such as the strict and narrow approaches of Titchener and Watson, preferring a somewhat eclectic approach.

Overlay has a better chance with step-and-scan approaches as opposed to full-wafer imprint.

Before 1861, the fort's 72 heavy cannon commanded the primary approaches to the harbor, but during the Civil War, the casemates were used to house Confederate prisoners of war and politicians opposed to the administration's policies, detained under Abraham Lincoln's selective suspension of the writ of habeas corpus.

The phenomenon, as opposed to simple probabilistic models of transcription, can account for the high variability in gene expression occurring between cells in isogenic populations.

Mutants in Genosha were the property of the state and children who were positively identified with the mutant gene were put through a process developed by David Moreau, commonly known as the Genegineer, stripped of free will and made into " mutates " ( a Marvel term for genetically modified individuals, as opposed to those who developed mutant powers naturally ).

Dawkins coined the term " selfish gene " as a way of expressing the gene-centred view of evolution as opposed to the views focused on the organism and the group, popularizing ideas developed during the 1960s by W. D. Hamilton and others.

Comparisons of the two fully sequenced diatom genomes finds that the P. tricornutum genome includes fewer genes ( 10, 402 opposed to 11, 776 ) than T. pseudonana and no major synteny ( gene order ) could be detected between the two genomes.

T. pseudonana genes show an average of ~ 1. 52 introns per gene as opposed to 0. 79 in P. tricornutum, suggesting recent widespread intron gain in the centric diatom.

* A constitutive gene is a gene that is transcribed continually as opposed to a facultative gene which is only transcribed when needed.

* A facultative gene is a gene which is only transcribed when needed as opposed to a constitutive gene.

Unlike genomics, functional genomics focuses on the dynamic aspects such as gene transcription, translation, and protein – protein interactions, as opposed to the static aspects of the genomic information such as DNA sequence or structures.

He found that using three genes as opposed to two provided most accurate information about gene order on chromosome.

Those opposed to pharming fear that through either mishandling or gene flow, potentially dangerous pharmaceuticals may inadvertently enter the food supply.

Indeed, each active rDNA gene can be transcribed multiple times simultaneously, as opposed to Pol II-transcribed genes, which associate with only one complex at a time.

However, further testing is required for variations of Smith – Magenis syndrome that are caused by a mutation of the RAI1 gene as opposed to a deletion.

FMRI studies have proven that melodic intonation therapy uses both sides of the brain to recover lost function, as opposed to traditional therapies that utilize only the left hemisphere.

In arguing that sexual orientation and gender identity are innate and cannot be consciously changed, attempts to change gay, lesbian and bisexual people into heterosexuals (" conversion therapy ") are generally opposed by the LGBT community.

Chinese food or Nutrition therapy, is a modality of traditional Chinese medicine, as opposed to evidence-based medicine.

Both mastectomy and lumpectomy are what are referred to as " local therapies " for breast cancer, targeting the area of the tumor, as opposed to systemic therapies such as chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, or immunotherapy.

Tapering off citalopram therapy, as opposed to abrupt discontinuation, is recommended in order to diminish the occurrence and severity of discontinuation symptoms.

Gestalt psychology had influence on Fritz Perls ' gestalt therapy, although some old-line gestaltists opposed the association with counter-cultural and New Age trends later associated with gestalt therapy.

Melodic intonation therapy ( MIT ) is a commonly used method of treating aphasias, particularly those involving speech deficits ( as opposed to reading or writing ).

The Feldenkrais Method is a movement pedagogy as opposed to a manipulative therapy.

Thus Perls made " assimilation ", as opposed to " introjection ", a focal theme in his work, and the prime means by which growth occurs in therapy.

They would have a high therapeutic index, that is, phage therapy would be expected to give rise to few if any side effects, as opposed to drugs, and would not stress the liver.

Perhaps the most difficult aspect of membranous glomerulonephritis is deciding which patients to treat with immunosuppressive therapy as opposed to simple " background " or anti-proteinuric therapies.

70 % of sufferers saw a 50 % or more reduction in their migraines following combined neurotherapy and drug treatment, as opposed to 50 % undergoing only traditional drug therapy.

Because the ownership structure was a tenancy-in-common, in which all partners have to agree on any action, as opposed to a straightforward partnership, it was difficult to get permission for necessary repairs and improvements to be done, and the building declined during the Helmsley / Flatiron Associates era.

Accountants typically look at maintenance and repairs as period costs requiring immediate expensing as opposed to capital improvements that become capitalized and depreciated over some future time period.

What distinguishes each disease symptomatically ( as opposed to the underlying pathology ) is not any particular ( pathognomonic ) symptom or symptoms, but a specific pattern of symptoms.

Schrödinger, though, always opposed a statistical or probabilistic approach, with its associated discontinuities — much like Einstein, who believed that quantum mechanics was a statistical approximation to an underlying deterministic theory — and never reconciled with the Copenhagen interpretation.

Thus, many of those opposed to land reform are nervous as to the underlying motivations of those initiating the reform.

Emanationism is a transcendent principle from which everything is derived, and is opposed to both Creationism ( wherein the universe is created by a sentient God who is separate from creation ) and materialism ( which posits no underlying subjective and / or ontological nature behind phenomena being immanent ).

An easy way to understand the underlying unity between physical ( as in thermodynamic ) entropy and information-theoretic entropy is as follows: Entropy is simply that portion of the ( classical ) physical information contained in a system of interest ( whether it is an entire physical system, or just a subsystem delineated by a set of possible messages ) whose identity ( as opposed to amount ) is unknown ( from the point of view of a particular knower ).

The underlying theory opposed contagion as a mechanism of spread of disease, and postulated no pathogen that was airborne ; it argued that the exclusion of " pure air " could suffice to create mortal disease.

The Catholic hierarchy was therefore in a difficult position, being opposed to the United Irish while fully aware of the underlying social grievances of its members.

Note that above, the risk neutral formula does not refer to the volatility of the underlying – p as solved, relates to the risk-neutral measure as opposed to the actual probability distribution of prices.

The advantage of variance swaps is that they provide pure exposure to the volatility of the underlying price, as opposed to call and put options which may carry directional risk ( delta ).

" Along similar lines, an editorial in the American Journal of Public Health noted that "... attacking the science underlying difficult public policy decisions with the label of ' junk ' has become a common ploy for those opposed to regulation.

The underlying point of all the reviews that Murdoch was trying to convey is that he believes " city folk " have quite an easy life, as opposed to his.