However, reactive oxygen species also have useful cellular functions, such as redox signaling.

The reactive oxygen species produced in cells include hydrogen peroxide ( H < sub > 2 </ sub > O < sub > 2 </ sub >), hypochlorous acid ( HClO ), and free radicals such as the hydroxyl radical (· OH ) and the superoxide anion ( O < sub > 2 </ sub >< sup >−</ sup >).

Catalysts may affect the reaction environment favorably, or bind to the reagents to polarize bonds, e. g. acid catalysts for reactions of carbonyl compounds, or form specific intermediates that are not produced naturally, such as osmate esters in osmium tetroxide-catalyzed dihydroxylation of alkenes, or cause lysis of reagents to reactive forms, such as atomic hydrogen in catalytic hydrogenation.

Experiences such as these, stored in the " reactive mind " are dubbed " engrams ".

" Cold " reactive dyes, such as Procion MX, Cibacron F, and Drimarene K, are very easy to use because the dye can be applied at room temperature.

The complexity of such a system is specified by its order N. N is often a constraint on the design of a transfer function since it specifies the number of reactive components in an analog circuit ; in a digital IIR filter the number of computations required is proportional to N.

However, this treatment is not optimal in other forms such as reactive hypoglycemia, where rapid carbohydrate ingestion may lead to a further hypoglycemic episode.

The term unstable molecule is used for very reactive species, i. e., short-lived assemblies ( resonances ) of electrons and nuclei, such as radicals, molecular ions, Rydberg molecules, transition states, van der Waals complexes, or systems of colliding atoms as in Bose-Einstein condensate

This process is efficient, but a small percentage of electrons may prematurely reduce oxygen, forming reactive oxygen species such as superoxide.

Many compounds, such as PAHs, aromatic amines, aflatoxin and pyrrolizidine alkaloids, may form reactive oxygen species catalyzed by cytochrome P450.

Some alkylating agents such as N-Nitrosamines may also require the catalytic reaction of cytochrome-P450 for the formation of a reactive alkyl cation.

Although oxidative phosphorylation is a vital part of metabolism, it produces reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to propagation of free radicals, damaging cells and contributing to disease and, possibly, aging ( senescence ).

First, it stabilizes the group by roughly 80 kilojoule / mol ( 20 kcal / mol ), making it less reactive than many similar groups ( such as esters ).

Elemental rubidium is highly reactive, with properties similar to those of other elements in Group 1, such as very rapid oxidation in air.

As in all arms races, these developments in armor countermeasures have led to the development of RPG rounds designed specifically to defeat them, with methods such as a tandem-charge warhead, which has two shape charges, of which the first is meant to activate any reactive armor, and the second to penetrate the vehicle.

* highly reactive liquids, such as hydrogen peroxide, fuming nitric acid, sulfuric acid and hydrofluoric acid

When polyps are present, the condition is called chronic hyperplastic sinusitis ; however, the causes are poorly understood and may include allergy, environmental factors such as dust or pollution, bacterial infection, or fungus ( either allergic, infective, or reactive ).

Enzymes with a zinc atom in the reactive center are widespread in biochemistry, such as alcohol dehydrogenase in humans.

Armour systems have continued in development alongside ATGMs, and the most recent generations of armor are specifically tested to be effective against ATGM strikes, either by ' tricking ' the missile into not detonating against the armor itself ( such as in Slat Armour ) or using some form of reactive armor to ' attack ' the missile upon impact, disrupting shaped charge that makes the warhead effective.

Utilities add capacitor banks and other components ( such as phase-shifting transformers ; static VAR compensators ; physical transposition of the phase conductors ; and flexible AC transmission systems, FACTS ) throughout the system to control reactive power flow for reduction of losses and stabilization of system voltage.

This form of distortion mostly occurs due to the reactive component, such as capacitive reactance or inductive reactance.

Where reactive loads are present, such as with capacitors or inductors, energy storage in the loads results in a time difference between the current and voltage waveforms.

Inductive loads such as transformers and motors ( any type of wound coil ) consume reactive power with current waveform lagging the voltage.

Capacitive loads such as capacitor banks or buried cable generate reactive power with current phase leading the voltage.

We are forced, in our behavior towards others, to adopt empirically successful patterns in toto because we have such a minimal understanding of their essential elements.

To Serenissimus such tribes as the Cossacks of the Don or those ex-bandits the Zaporogian Cossacks ( in whose islands along the lower Dnieper the Polish novelist Sienkiewicz would one day place With Fire And Sword ) were just elements for enforced resettlement in, say, Bessarabia, where, as `` the faithful of the Black Sea borders '', he could use their presence as bargaining points in the Czarina's territorial claims against Turkey.

Where boundary maintenance describes the boundaries or limits of the group, systemic linkage is defined `` as the process whereby one or more of the elements of at least two social systems is articulated in such a manner that the two systems in some ways and on some occasions may be viewed as a single unit.

Should it be defined in a narrow sense to include only such elements as job specifications, union membership, union jurisdiction, and the like??

Besides iodine and tellurium, later several other pairs of elements ( such as argon and potassium, cobalt and nickel ) were known to have nearly identical or reversed atomic weights, leaving their placement in the periodic table by chemical properties to be in violation of known physical properties.

Synthesis of new elements is accomplished by bombarding target atoms of heavy elements with ions, such that the sum of the atomic numbers of the target and ion elements equals the atomic number of the element being created.

Altogether, Starostin concluded that the Altaic grouping was substantiated, though " older than most other language families in Eurasia, such as Indo-European or Finno-Ugric, and this is the reason why the modern Altaic languages preserve few common elements ".

More explicitly, it is stating that for every indexed family of nonempty sets there exists an indexed family of elements such that for every.

This is not the most general situation of a Cartesian product of a family of sets, where a same set can occur more than once as a factor ; however, one can focus on elements of such a product that select the same element every time a given set appears as factor, and such elements correspond to an element of the Cartesian product of all distinct sets in the family.

The axiom of choice asserts the existence of such elements ; it is therefore equivalent to:

Informally, it is a permutation of the group elements such that the structure remains unchanged.

His epistemology can be regarded as primitive materialist empiricism ; he believed that human cognition ought to be based on one's perceptions – one's sensory experiences, such as sight and hearing – instead of imagination or internal logic, elements founded on the human capacity for abstraction.

This supplemental rule book includes the remaining elements from the Merlin novels, such as Broken Patterns, and allows players to create Constructs such as Merlin's Ghostwheel.

The physical properties, such as density, reactivity, Young's modulus, and electrical and thermal conductivity, of an alloy may not differ greatly from those of its elements, but engineering properties such as tensile strength and shear strength may be substantially different from those of the constituent materials.

Since in oral languages the elements of sound are for the most part produced linearly in time ( that is, in a word like cat the a sound comes after the c sound, and the t sound comes after that ), they can generally be easily written in a linear ( one-dimensional ) writing system such as an alphabet.

Another set of methods is the aromatization of cyclohexanes and other aliphatic rings: reagents are catalysts used in hydrogenation such as platinum, palladium and nickel ( reverse hydrogenation ), quinones and the elements sulfur and selenium.

The elements of battery are ( 1 ) a volitional act ( 2 ) done for the purpose of causing a harmful or offensive contact with another person or under circumstances that make such contact substantially certain to occur and ( 3 ) which causes such contact.