The Kulturkampf ended about 1880 with a new pope willing to negotiate with Bismarck, and with the departure of the anti-Catholic Liberals from his coalition.

The Kulturkampf was not, however, a spontaneous popular occurrence, but “ a campaign against the Catholic Church conducted through the law, with the police and bureaucracy as its principal agents ”, the legality of which gave it its “ sinister character ”:

The Kulturkampf had reinforced the Catholic character of the Centre Party, but even during it Ludwig Windthorst had defended the party against Bismarck's accusation of being a " denominational party " in describing the Centre as " a political party with a comprehensive political programme and open to anyone, who accepts it ".

The situation was further aggravated by Bismarck's policies of Kulturkampf that in Posen Province took on a much more nationalistic character than in other parts of Germany and included a number of specifically anti-Polish laws that resulted in the Polish and German communities living in a virtual apartheid.

German actions like Kulturkampf, the program of Germanization started to unite and mobilize Polish people in Polish inhabited territories held by Germany including Masuria A Polish-oriented party, the Mazurska Partia Ludowa (" Mazur People's Party "), was founded in 1897.

The Kulturkampf and its effects also stirred up public opinion against the party that supported it, and Bismarck used this opportunity to distance himself from the National Liberals.

Following Bismarck's 1878 turn from free trade to protectionism and from the National Liberal party to the Conservative parties, he also abandoned the unsuccessful Kulturkampf.

Though predominantly Protestant the party opposed the Kulturkampf, but approached to Bismarck when during the Long Depression the chancellor began to implement protectionist policies by restricting corn imports from Russia and the United States.

It was distinguished from the German Conservative Party established in 1876 by its unqualified support of German unification, and was seen as the political party which beside the National Liberals was closest in views to those of Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, including his Anti-Socialist Laws and Kulturkampf policies.

From 1870 until his death he stood at the head of the new Centre Party, in both the Reichstag and the Prussian Landtag, that party gaining strength during the Kulturkampf.

In the so-called Kulturkampf ( 1872 – 1878 ), he tried to limit the influence of the Roman Catholic Church and of its political arm, the Catholic Centre Party, through various measures — like the introduction of civil marriage — but without much success.

He abandoned the Kulturkampf in 1878 to preserve his remaining political capital ; indeed, he needed the Centre Party votes in his new battle against socialism.

Caprivi also lost the support of the National Liberals and Progressives in a legislative defeat of 1892 on an educational bill providing denominational board schools, a failed attempt to re-integrate the Catholic Centre Party after the Kulturkampf.

Ludwig Windthorst ( 17 January 1812 – 14 March 1891 ), was a German politician of the Catholic Centre Party, the most notable opponent of Chancellor Otto von Bismarck during the Prussian-led unification of Germany and the Kulturkampf.

The Kulturkampf that followed German unification was the defining dispute between the German state and Catholicism.

In the state reorganization after 1871, a consequence of unification, new tensions of what it meant to be a German merged with notions of religious differences, creating a so-called Kulturkampf, or War of Culture in the 1870s.

He was the warmest opponent of the State in the Kulturkampf provoked by Prince Otto von Bismarck after the publication of the Vatican decrees, and was largely instrumental in compelling that statesman to retract the pledge he had rashly given, never to " go to Canossa.

Unlike in other parts of the German Empire, in Greater Poland — then known under the German name of Provinz Posen — the Kulturkampf did not cease after the end of the decade.

When the Kulturkampf of Chancellor Bismarck expelled the Jesuits from Germany, the exiled scholastics, after a short stay at Stella Matutina ( Jesuit School ), found refuge in the Jesuit College, Ditton Hall in Lancashire in England and, finally, in 1881 moved to St. Bueno's in Wales.

In 1866 the territory of the diocese passed, with Hanover, to Prussia ( Province of Hanover ); Melchers became Archbishop of Cologne, and was succeeded in 1866 by Johannes Heinrich Beckmann ( 1866 – 78 ), who was succeeded by Bernhard Höting ( 1882 – 98 ) after a vacancy of four years owing to the Kulturkampf.

The Kulturkampf had a major impact on the regions of Prussia with a Polish population by instituting a policy of Germanisation of Poznan.

On the subject of Pat Buchanan's famously combative Culture War Speech at the 1992 Republican Convention, which attracted controversy over Buchanan's aggressive rhetoric against Bill Clinton, liberals, supporters of reproductive and gay rights, and for his comparison of American politics to religious warfare, Ivins famously quipped that the speech had " probably sounded better in the original German ," noting the similarity between the concept of " culture war " and the Kulturkampf of Otto von Bismarck's Germany.

A small group of Colettine nuns arrived from Düsseldorf, Germany, seeking a refuge for the community, which had been expelled from their monastery by the government policies of the Kulturkampf.

According to James Carroll the end of Kulturkampf signalled “ that the Church had successfully resisted to his face the man who, according to an admiring Henry Kissinger, was ' outmanoeuvred ' by nobody .”

In early 1933, Hitler told Herman Rauschning that Bismarck had been stupid in starting a Kulturkampf and outlined his own strategy for dealing with the clergy which would based initially on a policy of toleration:

Joseph Strub and the Holy Ghost Fathers, who had been expelled from Germany during Otto von Bismarck's Kulturkampf six years earlier.

The German Kulturkampf measures and the Colonization Commission ultimately succeeded in stimulating the Polish national sentiment that they had been designed to suppress.

Jesuits were not permitted in Münster at this time, evidence of the lasting impact of the Kulturkampf, so Clemens had to leave his family and state to receive this Jesuit education.

Archbishop Henni suggested residence with the Franciscan Sisters of Christian Charity in Manitowoc County when these Sisters were seeking a place of refuge from the Kulturkampf which had developed from Prince Otto von Bismark's conflict with the Roman Catholic Church in his efforts to unify Germany.

According to Cornwell, Hitler was obsessed by a fear of German Catholics who, politically united by the Center Party, had defeated Otto von Bismarck's Kulturkampf, during the " culture struggle " against the Catholic Church in the 1870s.

Through the years 1877 – 1887 List was also working on his first book-length ( two-volume ) effort, Carnuntum, an historical novel based on his vision of the Kulturkampf between the Germanic and Roman worlds centred at Carnuntum around the year 375 CE that was published in 1888 by the Wannieck family's organisation and publishing house Verein " Deutsche Haus " (" German House " Association )< ref name =" google. co. uk ">

Otto von Bismarck, during his so-called " Kulturkampf ," assured his countrymen that " We will not go to Canossa – neither in body nor in spirit!

Nor was the objectivity of his dispatches compromised by his private belief that Kulturkampf must fail, or by his revulsion at Bismarck's persecution of Roman Catholicism.

The Jesuits who founded St. Ignatius College were exiles from Germany, forced out by Bismarck's Kulturkampf.

The minority of self-declared Polish Silesians, their language and their culture were put under the pressure of the Prussian state's Kulturkampf policies, attempting to make Germans out of them in culture and language too.

The Catholic middle and lower classes and the liberal, upper-class newcomers often found themselves at odds with each other, and this broke out into the open in 1872 with the Kulturkampf, which lasted several years.

During these years, while the Kulturkampf divided Imperial Germany, Schönerer founded the Away from Rome!

Ahmadis argue that the condition of oral debate proposed by Meher Ali Shah was an indirect refusal of Ghulam Ahmad's challenge and a deliberate attempt to trap him, for if he had accepted, he would have broken his promise with God by engaging in debates, but if he had declined, it would have been assumed that Meher Ali Shah was victorious and Ghulam Ahmad had withdrawn.

The debates, however, ceased after the 1960 election, as Lyndon B. Johnson avoided debating in 1964, and Nixon, widely perceived to have made a poor impression on television viewers in 1960, declined to debate in 1968 and in 1972.

Republican Jay Katzen declined to participate in the debate, but participated in other debates from which Gary Reams, as a third party candidate, was barred.

In 2003 he was tipped by The Sun newspaper as a candidate for Mayor of London, and his name was mentioned again for the 2008 election, and though he declined to put his name forward for nomination he wrote a manifesto for London's evening paper and chaired one of the key public debates.