Minor engagements included the commerce raiding carried out by the,, and the sailing ship and commerce raider.

In addition, the Soviets provided Germany with access to the Northern Sea Route for both cargo ships and raiders ( though only the commerce raider used the route before the German invasion ), which forced Britain to protect sea lanes in both the Atlantic and the Pacific.

Surrender to the British at Liverpool of the commerce raider CSS Shenandoah ( Captain James Waddell ), last significant organized Confederate unit.

Stier is the only commerce raider to be sunk by Defensively Equipped Merchant Ships.

* October 17 – WWII: The last commerce raider hilfskreuzer Michel, was sunk off Japan by United States submarine Tarpon.

*, was a sloop of war launched 11 September 1861, fought in the American Civil War, defeated the Confederate commerce raider CSS Alabama, and was wrecked off Central America 2 February 1894

* a three-masted barque ( 1901-1917 ) sunk by the German commerce raider Seeadler on 5 March 1917

* Karl Friedrich Max von Müller, captain of the famous German commerce raider, the light cruiser during the first few months of World War I.

During the American Civil War he was captain of the famous commerce raider CSS Alabama, which took a record sixty-five prizes.

In April 1861 Semmes was accepted into the Confederate Navy as a commander and was sent to New Orleans, Louisiana to convert the steamer Habana into the cruiser / commerce raider CSS Sumter.

In June 1861, Semmes, in Sumter, outran the Union sloop-of-war Brooklyn, breached the Union blockade at New Orleans, and then launched a brilliant career as one of the greatest commerce raider captains in naval history.

He then was ordered to the Azores to take up command and oversee the coaling and outfitting with cannon of the newly-built British steamer Enrica as a sloop-of-war, which thereafter became world-famous as the Confederate commerce raider CSS Alabama.

Felix Graf von Luckner ( born Dresden, Germany, 9 June 1881, died Malmö, Sweden, 13 April 1966 ) was a German nobleman, navy officer, author and noted sailor who earned the epithet Der Seeteufel ( the Sea-Devil ) -- and his crew that of Die Piraten des Kaisers ( the Emperor's Pirates ) -- for his exploits in command of the sailing commerce raider SMS Seeadler ( Sea Eagle ) in 1916-1917.

* During her 30 November 1916-24 February 1918 cruise, the Imperial German Navy commerce raider Wolf carries a Friedrichshafen FF. 33e seaplane nicknamed Wölfchen (" Little Wolf " or " Wolf Cub "), which during 1917 singlehandedly captures at least four of the 37 enemy ships Wolf captures and sinks during her cruise.

* German auxiliary cruiser Atlantis, a German commerce raider of World War II

( Contemporary sources aboard the Kearsarge reported that at least one of the Alabamas guns continued firing after the Confederate commerce raider had struck her colors ).

* The Last Raider by Douglas Reeman ( isbn 0-09-905580-5 Arrow books ) Novel detailing the last voyage of a WW I German commerce raider.

The Devonshire sank the German commerce raider Atlantis on 22 November 1941.

Altmark had spent the preceding months operating as a fleet oiler for the German cruiser Admiral Graf Spee while the latter was acting as a commerce raider in the South Atlantic.

The CSS Alabama was commissioned on 24 August 1862 just outside the harbor of Angra, and it left Terceira to begin its career as the most effective commerce raider in naval history.

John Newland Maffitt ( February 22, 1819 – May 15, 1886 ) was an officer in the Confederate States Navy who was nicknamed the " Prince of Privateers " due to his remarkable success as a blockade runner and commerce raider in the U. S. Civil War.

The light cruisers,, and, on detached duty, rejoined after brief periods of raiding, while SMS Emden was detached to serve as a commerce raider.

One of the most notable examples was in World War II when the German commerce raider Kormoran, disguised as a Dutch merchant ship, surprised and sank the Australian light cruiser HMAS Sydney in 1941, causing the greatest recorded loss of life on an Australian warship.

Thenceforth, the commerce of Louisiana was free to all Frenchmen.

The Declaration announced the states ' entry into the international system ; the model treaty was designed to establish amity and commerce with other states ; and the Articles of Confederation, which established “ a firm league ” among the thirteen free and independent states, constituted an international agreement to set up central institutions for the conduct of vital domestic and foreign affairs.

By the middle of the 19th century, industrialisation swept away most of the city's medieval rules of production and commerce, although the entirely corrupt remains of the city's mediæval constitution was kept in place ( compare the famous remarks of Georg Forster in his Ansichten vom Niederrhein ) until 1801, when Aachen became the " chef-lieu du département de la Roer " in Napoléon's First French Empire.

That he was rich seems probable ; for he appears to have occupied himself for a time with commerce and afterward with agriculture ( Hullin 105a ).

Nineveh was a city of vast extent, and was then the center of the civilization and commerce of the world, a " bloody city all full of lies and robbery " ( Nahum 3: 1 ), for it had robbed and plundered all the neighboring nations.

Leveraging the Supreme Court's establishment of Congressional supremacy over commerce, the Interstate Commerce Commission was established in 1887 with the intent of regulating railroad " robber barons ".

Traditionally these have been interpreted as examples of government hostility toward commerce, but more recent studies, which use source material such as magistrate diaries and genealogical records, suggest that merchants in fact had a powerful impact on government policies and that the division between the world of the merchant and the world of the official was far more porous than traditionally believed.

When one society finds itself forced to relinquish power entirely to another society that in itself is a form of underdevelopment .... During the centuries of pre-colonial trade, some control over social political and economic life was retained in Africa, in spite of the disadvantageous commerce with Europeans.

The rabbis recognize a positive value to the yetzer hara: one tradition identifies it with the observation on the last day of creation that God's accomplishment was " very good " ( God's work on the preceding days was just described as " good ") and explain that without the yetzer ha ' ra there would be no marriage, children, commerce or other fruits of human labor ; the implication is that yetzer ha ' tov and yetzer ha ' ra are best understood not as moral categories of good and evil but as selfless versus selfish orientations, either of which used rightly can serve God's will.

He then extended this logic to include rate-regulation when such internal commerce was intermeshed with interstate traffic to towns in bordering states.

Thus, it might be used to challenge the sharp distinction made in U. S. v. E. C. Knight ( 1895 ) between commerce, which was subject to federal regulation, and manufacturing, which was not.

The Pilier des nautes links him with sailors and with commerce, suggesting that he was also associated with material wealth as does the coin pouch from the Cernunnos of Rheims ( Marne, Champagne, France )— in antiquity, Durocortorum, the civitas capital of the Remi tribe — and the stag vomiting coins from Niedercorn-Turbelslach ( Luxembourg ) in the lands of the Treveri.

In another move, which would destroy Hispaniola's sugar industry, in 1561 Havana, more strategically located in relation to the Gulf Stream, was selected as the designated stopping point for the merchant flotas, which had a royal monopoly on commerce with the Americas.

It was developed by Western Electric and first used by the Bell System in commerce, using that name as a registered trademark.

This term was first used by AT & T in commerce on July 5, 1960 and then was introduced to the public on November 18, 1963, when the first push-button telephone was made available to the public.

In 1914 the island was visited by the German light cruiser SMS Emden half-way through its historic commerce raiding cruise during the first months of World War I.

* The Transformational Convergence Technology Office ( TCTO ) mission was to advance new crosscutting capabilities derived from a broad range of emerging technological and social trends, particularly in areas related to computing and computing-reliant subareas of the life sciences, social sciences, manufacturing, and commerce.

Its emphasis was on science — and conformably to the broad 18th-century understanding of the term ' science ', its content extends beyond what would be called science or technology today, and includes topics from the humanities and fine arts, e. g. a substantial number from law, commerce, music, and heraldry.

The federal government, which for all intents and purposes was the existing imperial government, was to control foreign affairs ( including commerce ), defense, finance, and transportation.