Charles Darwin's Origin of Species had been met with a firestorm of controversy in reaction to Darwin's theory, largely because it was clear that it implied that human beings were evolved from animals, contradicting the biblical story in the Book of Genesis and implying an animal nature.

The hall was crowded to hear Bishop Samuel Wilberforce's views on Charles Darwin's recent publication of On the Origin of Species, and the occasion was a historically significant part of the reaction to Darwin's theory due to reports of Thomas Henry Huxley's response to Wilberforce.

The reaction to Darwin's theory, even after publication of On the Origin of Species in 1859, was more muted than he had feared.

The debate over them was an important stage in the history of evolutionary thought and would influence the subsequent reaction to Darwin's theory.

Wallace's reaction, delivered in January 1859, was that he was gratified to have spurred Darwin into making the announcement and that it would have caused him " much pain & regret " if his papers had been published on their own, without Darwin's papers.

See the reaction to Darwin's theory for developments following publication, in the context of his life, work and outside influences at the time.

On the other hand, the knowledge of the scandal and experience of the reaction of his scientist friends confirmed Darwin's reluctance to publish his own ideas until he had well researched answers to all possible objections ( though, in the end, Darwin had to publish earlier than he had wanted to anyway ).

He had by then hurriedly published an " abstract " of this work as On the Origin of Species in 1859, and following the immediate reaction to Darwin's theory the work of Darwin from Orchids to Variation had included showing the utility of the flowers of Orchids in directing insect pollination to achieve cross fertilisation, and a summing up of thirteen years of experiments in The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication which went on sale on 30 January 1868.

As the reaction to Darwin's theory developed in March 1860 he described his close ally Thomas Huxley as his " good and kind agent for the propagation of the Gospel – i. e. the devil's gospel.

This reaction cannot be described in terms of Brønsted theory because there is no proton transfer.

The second reaction can be described using either theory.

Additionally, he further illustrates the human reaction towards the " absurd "; The Plague represents how the world deals with the philosophical notion of the Absurd, a theory which Camus himself helped to define.

According to Brønsted – Lowry acid-base theory, acids are substances that donate a positive hydrogen ion to another substance in a chemical reaction ; by extension, a base is the substance which receives that hydrogen ion.

The general concept of a chemical reaction has been extended to non-chemical reactions between entities smaller than atoms, including nuclear reactions, radioactive decays, and reactions between elementary particles as described by quantum field theory.

Antoine Lavoisier developed the theory of combustion as a chemical reaction with oxygen

One of the simplest models of reaction rate is the collision theory.

The most common theory holds that the idea of centaurs came from the first reaction of a non-riding culture, as in the Minoan Aegean world, to nomads who were mounted on horses.

A quantitative chain chemical reaction theory was created by Soviet physicist Nikolay Semyonov in 1934.

This would in theory produce a chain reaction at the level of the nucleus.

In the late 19th century, Josiah Willard Gibbs had formulated a theory to predict whether a chemical reaction is spontaneous based on the free energy

Particularly important was the work of Paul Ehrlich, who proposed the side-chain theory to explain the specificity of the antigen-antibody reaction ; his contributions to the understanding of humoral immunity were recognized by the award of a Nobel Prize in 1908, which was jointly awarded to the founder of cellular immunology, Elie Metchnikoff.

1 ) Some researchers ( e. g., Dalakas ) advocate the theory that the inflammation-immune reaction, caused by an unknown trigger – likely an undiscovered virus or an autoimmune disorder, is the primary, proximal cause of sIBM and that the degeneration of muscle fibres and protein abnormalities are secondary features.

* Merriam-Webster: Either " of, relating to, or being an era after a modern one ", or " of, relating to, or being any of various movements in reaction to modernism that are typically characterized by a return to traditional materials and forms ( as in architecture ) or by ironic self-reference and absurdity ( as in literature )", or, finally " of, relating to, or being a theory that involves a radical reappraisal of modern assumptions about culture, identity, history, or language ".

The theory of the Mfecane holds that the aggressive expansion of Shaka's armies caused a brutal chain reaction across the southern areas of the continent, as dispossessed tribe after tribe turned on their neighbours in a deadly cycle of fight and conquest.

** Labeling theory, or social reaction theory, a theory in sociology which ascribes labelling of people to control and identification of deviant behavior

This was a theory put forward by the former NASA scientist Addison Bain, and later tested in small scale by the scientific reality-TV show MythBusters with semi-inconclusive results ( it was proven not to be the fault of the thermite reaction alone, but instead conjectured to be a combination of that and the burning of hydrogen gas that filled the body of the Hindenburg ).

Hyneman also voiced skepticism about another theory explaining the phenomenon: that the reaction somehow separated the hydrogen and oxygen in the ice and then ignited them.

In reaction, most twentieth-century social anthropologists considered the theory of matrilineal priority untenable, although feminist scholars often attempted to revive it.

In an outdated theory, the injuries that occurred were the result of a strictly autoimmune reaction, with the thought being that initially the canine distemper virus was introduced, but then subsequently eliminated, and that the cytokines continued to attack and damage healthy tissue in the absence of a current pathogen.

The theory assumes that during these trials an association develops between the CS and the US through classical conditioning and, because of the aversive nature of the US, the CS comes to elicit a conditioned emotional reaction ( CER ) – " fear.

Situational theory also appeared as a reaction to the trait theory of leadership.

For some this marks the beginning of the " mature " Classical style, where the period of reaction against the complexity of the late Baroque began to be replaced with a period of integration of elements of both Baroque and Classical styles.

Existentialism began in the mid-19th century as a reaction against the then-dominant systematic philosophies, such as those developed by Hegel and Kant.

Off-Off-Broadway began in Greenwich Village in 1958 as a reaction to Off Broadway, and a " complete rejection of commercial theatre ".

In reaction to the increasing media use of the term exclusively with the criminal connotation, the computer community began to differentiate their terminology.

At first, Freud was an enthusiastic proponent of hypnotherapy, and soon began to emphasise hypnotic regression and ab reaction ( catharsis ) as therapeutic methods.

Marxism began essentially as a reaction to the Industrial Revolution.

He regarded his move away from liberal politics as " a totally natural reaction once I began to see undisciplined elements in our country stimulating a breakdown of our system ... Those functionless creatures, the hippies ... just didn't appear out of a vacuum.

In abstract painting during the 1950s and 1960s several new directions like hard-edge painting and other forms of geometric abstraction began to appear in artist studios and in radical avant-garde circles as a reaction against the subjectivism of abstract expressionism.

During the 1980s, perhaps as a reaction to the evening drama series that were gaining high ratings, daytime serials began to incorporate action and adventure storylines, more big-business intrigue, and an increased emphasis on youthful romance.

At the time he began composing, European music was dominated by the style galant, a reaction against the highly evolved intricacy of the Baroque.

In 1952 he began to apply quantum mechanics to the analysis of the reaction between Lewis acid and base molecules.

The uprising, which began in May 1409, at first provoked little reaction from the Knights, who had not yet consolidated their rule in Samogitia by building castles ; but by June their diplomats were busy lobbying Władysław's court at Oborniki, warning his nobles against Polish involvement in a war between Lithuania and the Order.

The discovery of the coup prompted a swift reaction ; a purge of Parchamites began.

The reaction in the South, particularly in South Carolina, would lead to the Nullification Crisis that began in late 1832.

With the 19th-century development of various " nitro explosives ", based on the reaction of nitric acid mixtures on materials such as cellulose and glycerine, a search began for a replacement for gunpowder.

It would also activate a small neutron source kept at the center of the core, which would assure that the chain reaction began in earnest.

Beginning in the 1970s, conservative Christian protests against sexual immorality began to surface, largely as a reaction to the " permissive sixties " and an emerging prominence of sexual liberties arising from Roe v Wade and the gay rights movement.

The initial public reaction was largely favorable to the Earps, but began to change when rumors began to circulate that Ike Clanton and Tom McLaury were unarmed, and that Billy Clanton and Tom McLaury even threw up their hands before the shooting.

At this time, Wilson still had considerable control within the group and, according to Wilson, they eventually overcame their initial negative reaction, as his newly created music began to near completion ; " They thought it was too far-out to do, you know ?...

The controversy surrounding prehistoric or " primal " matriarchy began in reaction to the book by Johann Jakob Bachofen Mother Right: An Investigation of the Religious and Juridical Character of Matriarchy in the Ancient World in 1861.

In reaction to this, in early 2008 a pro-rBST advocacy group called " American Farmers for the Advancement and Conservation of Technology " ( AFACT ), made up of dairies and originally affiliated with Monsanto, formed and began lobbying to ban such labels.

Fermi's work on the nuclear chain reaction laid the foundation for the nuclear power industry which began developing after the war.

During " Commando Hunt IV " ( 30 April through 9 October 1971 ), U. S., South Vietnamese, and Laotian forces began to feel the North Vietnamese reaction to General Lon Nol's coup in Cambodia and the subsequent closure of the port of Sihanoukville to its supply shipments.

In reaction, Coke and Cecil began a counter-plot.