Although forms of brass have been in use since prehistory, its true nature as a copper-zinc alloy was not understood until the post medieval period because the zinc vapor which reacted with copper to make brass was not recognised as a metal.

Until the mid-19th century, the Museum's collections were relatively circumscribed but, in 1851, with the appointment to the staff of Augustus Wollaston Franks to curate the collections, the Museum began for the first time to collect British and European medieval antiquities, prehistory, branching out into Asia and diversifying its holdings of ethnography.

Skeat “… in at least three cases and probably in all, in the form of codices " and he theorized that this form of notebook was invented in Rome and then “… must have spread rapidly to the Near East …” In his discussion of one of the earliest pagan parchment codices to survive from Oxyrhynchus in Egypt, Eric Turner seems to challenge Skeat ’ s notion when stating “… its mere existence is evidence that this book form had a prehistory ” and that “ early experiments with this book form may well have taken place outside of Egypt .” Early codices of parchment or papyrus appear to have been widely used as personal notebooks, for instance in recording copies of letters sent ( Cicero Fam.

Afghanistan seems in prehistory, as well as in ancient and modern times, to have been closely connected by culture and trade with the neighbouring regions to the east, west, and north.

If the individual is concerned with events preceding written history, the individual is a historian of prehistory.

The history of Africa begins with the prehistory of Africa and the emergence of Homo sapiens in East Africa, continuing into the present as a patchwork of diverse and politically developing nation states.

Today " Levant " is typically used by archaeologists and historians with reference to the prehistory and the ancient and medieval history of the region, as when discussing the Crusades.

Archeologists in Niger have much work to do, with little known of the prehistory of the societies that inhabited the south, the home of the vast majority of modern Nigeriens.

In contrast, lost lands are islands or continents believed by some to have existed during prehistory, often associated with ancient myths and legends ; and vanishing islands are islands that are submerged during high tide.

In linguistics, R. M. W. Dixon has proposed a punctuated equilibrium model for language histories, with reference particularly to the prehistory of the indigenous languages of Australia and his objections to the proposed Pama – Nyungan language family there.

Historians draw a distinction between prehistory and history, with history defined by the advent of writing.

By definition, the modern practice of history begins with written records ; evidence of human culture without writing is the realm of prehistory.

Most of human prehistory was spent as small bands of hunter-gatherers ; these bands were rarely larger than 150 individuals, and were not in contact with other bands very often.

The Karanovo culture developed simultaneously with the one in Varna, and its earth layers serve as a stratigraphical gauge for the prehistory of the wider Balkans region.

Another continuing debate concerns the opposition of Horus and Set, which Egyptologists have often tried to connect with political events early in Egypt's history or prehistory.

Earlier in an era of prehistory the Sahara region to the south was not an arid desert, but rather in places grasslands grew with seasonal lakes, and corresponding flora and fauna.

The 15th-century Polish chronicler Jan Długosz was the first to connect the prehistory of Poland with Sarmatians, and the connection was taken up by other historians and chroniclers, such as Marcin Bielski, Marcin Kromer and Maciej Miechowita.

The history of the United States as covered in schools and universities typically begins with either 1492 and Columbus, or — especially in recent years — with the prehistory of the Native peoples.

Throughout its prehistory and early history, the region and its vicinity in the Yangtze River region was the cradle of unique local civilizations which can be dated back to at least the 15th century BC and coinciding with the later years of the Shang Dynasty and Zhou Dynasty in north China.

Maggin contains descriptions of Krypton, mainly referencing the Silver Age version ; it describes the planet as a " failed star " with massive surface gravity and extremely hostile, glaciated conditions, which forced extreme adaptation and rapid evolution in the descendants of humanoid space travelers ( and their dogs ) who became stranded on its surface in prehistory.

Whilst working at the Institute, Childe continued writing and publishing books dealing with archaeology and prehistory.

Harris said of him :" At a time when European archaeologists were preoccupied with regional sites and sequences, it was he who had the vision, the knowledge and the skill to construct the first prehistory of the whole continent ( 1925 ) and the first ordered and comprehensive account of the ancient Near East ( 1928 ).

In 19th century Western scholarship, the hypothesis of matriarchy representing an early stage of human development — now mostly lost in prehistory, with the exception of some so-called primitive societies — enjoyed popularity.

Their prehistory can be traced with certainty to about 1000 BC.

There are in The Almagest no rules for determining in advance whether a new epicycle will be required for dealing with abberations in lunar, solar, or planetary behavior.

In determining the extent to which any poem is formulaic it is idle, however, to inspect nothing besides lines repeated in their entirety, for a stock of line-fragments would be sufficient to permit the poet to extemporize with deftness if they provided for prosodic needs.

Proponents of single elements tend to ensure predominance of that element without determining if it is justified, and the element with the most enthusiastic and vociferous proponents has assumed the greatest importance.

This means that such factors as the health of the parents, particularly the mother, their ability to provide their children with the necessities of life, the degree of population density of a country and the shortage of housing facilities may legitimately be taken into consideration in determining the number of offspring.

While working for the CTC, Erlang was presented with the classic problem of determining how many circuits were needed to provide an acceptable telephone service.

Clinton argued the questions were moot because all transactions with the state had been deducted before determining Hillary's firm pay.

A binary search halves the number of items to check with each iteration, so locating an item ( or determining its absence ) takes logarithmic time.

A supplementary thought experiment with the same objective of determining the occurrence of absolute rotation also was proposed by Newton: the example of observing two identical spheres in rotation about their center of gravity and tied together by a string.

Some believe that Georg Cantor's set theory was not actually implicated by these paradoxes ( see Frápolli 1991 ); one difficulty in determining this with certainty is that Cantor did not provide an axiomatization of his system.

Axiomatic set theory was developed in response to these early attempts to study set theory, with the goal of determining precisely what operations were allowed and when.

There also can be a lack of determining " knowledge-appropriate " communication, as when someone uses ambiguous legal words, or medical jargon, when speaking with another person that lacks understanding in these areas.

The felt necessities of the time, the prevalent moral and political theories, intuitions of public policy, avowed or unconscious, even the prejudices which judges share with their fellow men, have had a good deal more to do than the syllogism in determining the rules by which men should be governed.

A practical method of determining whether an enantiomer is R or S is by using the right-hand rule: one wraps the molecule with the fingers in the direction 1 → 2 → 3.

Gauss's method involved determining a conic section in space, given one focus ( the Sun ) and the conic's intersection with three given lines ( lines of sight from the Earth, which is itself moving on an ellipse, to the planet ) and given the time it takes the planet to traverse the arcs determined by these lines ( from which the lengths of the arcs can be calculated by Kepler's Second Law ).

Mensuration is a particular problem in the Cantigas, and most attempts at determining meaningful rhythmic schemes have tended, with some exceptions, to be unsatisfactory.

It is closely linked with some of the other aspects already surveyed above, and may be of paramount importance in determining coercion ’ s effects and implications.

If the teams remain tied, overtime periods continue, with a coin flip determining the first possession.

The Boston Beaneaters won the first-half title, and the Spiders won the second-half title, with a best-of-nine series determining the league champion.

The committee unanimously decided in favor of the orthodoxy of Leo, determining that what he said was compatible with the teaching of Cyril.

The court is ultimately responsible for determining whether the proposed plan of reorganization complies with the bankruptcy law.

In a well-known but probably apocryphal tale, Archimedes was given the task of determining whether King Hiero's goldsmith was embezzling gold during the manufacture of a golden wreath dedicated to the gods and replacing it with another, cheaper alloy.

Much applied economics in public policy is concerned with determining how the efficiency of an economy can be improved.

A lot of time may also be spent on tasks such as discussing proposals with clients, preparing budgets and determining project schedules.

For cases where electrons are shared ( covalent bonds ) between atoms with large differences in electronegativity, the electron is assigned to the atom with the largest electronegativity in determining the oxidation state.