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As ytterbium ( III ) oxide has a significantly higher emissivity in the infrared range than magnesium oxide, a higher radiant intensity is obtained with ytterbium-based payloads in comparison to those commonly based on Magnesium / Teflon / Viton ( MTV ).
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ytterbium and III
Ytterbium is quite electropositive, and it reacts slowly with cold water and quite quickly with hot water to form ytterbium ( III ) hydroxide:
The ytterbium ( III ) ion absorbs light in the near infrared range of wavelengths, but not in visible light, so the mineral ytterbia, Yb < sub > 2 </ sub > O < sub > 3 </ sub >, is white in color and the salts of ytterbium are also colorless.
* Hydroxide: ytterbium ( III ) hydroxide, Yb ( OH )< sub > 3 </ sub >
ytterbium and has
With a melting point of 824 ° C and a boiling point of 1196 ° C, ytterbium has the smallest range of liquid temperature compared to all other metals.
The world production of ytterbium is only about 50 tonnes per year, reflecting the fact that ytterbium has few commercial applications.
The model with one single ytterbium ion caught in an ion trap has very good accuracy.
ytterbium and significantly
As an even-numbered lanthanide, in accordance with the Oddo-Harkins rule, ytterbium is significantly more abundant than its immediate neighbors, thulium and lutetium, which occur in the same concentrate at levels of about 0. 5 % each.
ytterbium and infrared
Currently, ytterbium is being investigated as a possible replacement for magnesium in high density pyrotechnic payloads for kinematic infrared decoy flares.
ytterbium and range
The isotopes of ytterbium range in atomic weight from 147. 9674 atomic mass unit ( u ) for < sup > 148 </ sup > Yb to 180. 9562 u for < sup > 181 </ sup > Yb.
The isotopes of ytterbium range in atomic weight from 147. 9674 u (< sup > 148 </ sup > Yb ) to 180. 9562 u (< sup > 181 </ sup > Yb ).
ytterbium and than
Johansson and Rosengren predicted in 1975 that Md would prefer a divalent metallic state, similar to europium ( Eu ) and ytterbium ( Yb ), rather than a trivalent one.
The primary decay mode of ytterbium isotopes lighter than the most abundant stable isotope, < sup > 174 </ sup > Yb, is electron capture, and the primary decay mode for those heavier than < sup > 174 </ sup > Yb is beta decay.
The primary decay products of ytterbium isotopes lighter than < sup > 174 </ sup > Yb are thulium isotopes, and the primary decay products of ytterbium isotopes with heavier than < sup > 174 </ sup > Yb are lutetium isotopes.
The village of Ytterby, famous among chemists for naming no fewer than four chemical elements ( erbium, terbium, ytterbium and yttrium ), is situated on Resarö in the Stockholm Archipelago.
ytterbium and is
With the boiling point of 1794 ° C, samarium is the third most volatile lanthanide after ytterbium and europium ; this property facilitates separation of samarium from the mineral ore. At ambient conditions, samarium normally assumes a trigonal structure ( α form ).
In present, ytterbium is mainly used as a dopant of stainless steel or active laser media, and less often as a gamma ray source.
Natural ytterbium is a mixture of seven stable isotopes, which altogether are present at concentrations of 3 ppm.
The ytterbium concentration is low, because the element is found among many other rare earth elements ; moreover, it is among the least abundant ones.
Once extracted and prepared, ytterbium is somewhat hazardous as an eye and skin irritant.
In contrast with the other rare-earth metals, which usually have antiferromagnetic and / or ferromagnetic properties at low temperatures, ytterbium is paramagnetic at any temperatures above 1. 0 kelvin.
The chemical behavior of ytterbium is similar to that of the rest of the lanthanides.
Natural ytterbium is composed of seven stable isotopes: < sup > 168 </ sup > Yb, < sup > 170 </ sup > Yb, < sup > 171 </ sup > Yb, < sup > 172 </ sup > Yb, < sup > 173 </ sup > Yb, < sup > 174 </ sup > Yb, and < sup > 176 </ sup > Yb, with < sup > 174 </ sup > Yb being the most abundant isotope, at 31. 8 % of the natural abundance ).
It is most often recovered commercially from monazite sand ( 0. 03 % ytterbium ).
The abundance of ytterbium in the Earth's crust is about 3 mg / kg.
Microscopic traces of ytterbium are used as a dopant in the ytterbium YAG laser, or Yb: YAG laser, a solid-state laser in which ytterbium is the element that undergoes stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation.
ytterbium and with
In an aqueous solution, like compounds of other late lanthanides, soluble ytterbium compounds form complexes with nine water molecules.
Mixtures of powdered ytterbium with polytetrafluoroethylene or hexachloroethane burn with a luminous emerald-green flame.
The chemical and physical properties of ytterbium could not be determined with any precision until 1953, when the first nearly pure ytterbium metal was produced by using ion-exchange processes.
* Certain crystals, typically doped with rare-earth ions ( e. g. neodymium, ytterbium, or erbium ) or transition metal ions ( titanium or chromium ); most often yttrium aluminium garnet ( YAG ), yttrium orthovanadate ( YVO < sub > 4 </ sub >), or sapphire ( Al < sub > 2 </ sub > O < sub > 3 </ sub >);
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac ( 24 April 1817 – 15 April 1894 ) was a Swiss chemist whose work with atomic weights suggested the possibility of isotopes and the packing fraction of nuclei and whose study of the rare earth elements led to his discovery of ytterbium in 1878 and codiscovery of gadolinium in 1880.
In particular, lasers with ytterbium as dopant allow the efficient operation both in cw operation
Naturally occurring ytterbium ( Yb ) is composed of 7 stable isotopes, < sup > 168 </ sup > Yb, < sup > 170 </ sup > Yb, < sup > 171 </ sup > Yb, < sup > 172 </ sup > Yb, < sup > 173 </ sup > Yb, < sup > 174 </ sup > Yb, and < sup > 176 </ sup > Yb, with < sup > 174 </ sup > Yb being the most abundant ( 31. 83 % natural abundance ).
ytterbium and those
Extended to a lattice of magnetic impurities, the Kondo effect likely explains the formation of heavy fermions and Kondo insulators in intermetallic compounds, especially those involving rare earth elements like cerium, praseodymium, and ytterbium, and actinide elements like uranium.
ytterbium and on
In 1969, the Dubna team carried out chemical experiments on element 102 and concluded that it behaved as the heavier homologue of ytterbium.
ytterbium and /
The price of ytterbium was relatively stable between 1953 and 1998 at about US $ 1, 000 / kg.
ytterbium and ).
He suspected that ytterbia was a compound of a new element that he called " ytterbium " ( note that in total four elements were named after the village, the others being yttrium, terbium and erbium ).
Xenotime is used chiefly as a source of yttrium and heavy lanthanide metals ( dysprosium, ytterbium, erbium, and gadolinium ).
III and oxide
Carbon will yield carbon dioxide, nitrogen will yield nitrogen dioxide, sulfur will yield sulfur dioxide, and iron will yield iron ( III ) oxide.
A thermite reaction using iron ( III ) oxide.
Dysprosium metal tarnishes slowly in air and burns readily to form dysprosium ( III ) oxide:
Europium ignites in air at 150 to 180 ° C to form europium ( III ) oxide:
Erbium metal tarnishes slowly in air and burns readily to form erbium ( III ) oxide:
Iron ( III ) oxide hydrated is known as rust.
An exothermic thermite reaction using iron ( III ) oxide.
However, it tarnishes quickly in moist air, forming a loosely adhering gadolinium ( III ) oxide ( Gd < sub > 2 </ sub > O < sub > 3 </ sub >), which spalls off, exposing more surface to oxidation.
The oxide dissolves in acids to give the salts, such as gadolinium ( III ) nitrate.
Holmium metal tarnishes slowly in air and burns readily to form holmium ( III ) oxide:
Inorganic compounds are synthesized for use as catalysts such as vanadium ( V ) oxide and titanium ( III ) chloride, or as reagents in organic chemistry such as lithium aluminium hydride.
Indium ( III ) oxide is formed at hot temperatures during reaction between indium and oxygen, with blue flame.
Indium ( I ) oxide black powder is received at 850 ° C during reaction between indium and carbon dioxide or during decomposition of indium ( III ) oxide at 1200 ° C.
Lanthanum burns readily at 150 ° C to form lanthanum ( III ) oxide:
* Lanthanum ( III ) oxide ( La < sub > 2 </ sub > O < sub > 3 </ sub >) improves the alkali resistance of glass, and is used in making special optical glasses, such as infrared-absorbing glass, as well as camera and telescope lenses, because of the high refractive index and low dispersion of rare-earth glasses.
Neodymium metal tarnishes slowly in air and it burns readily at about 150 ° C to form neodymium ( III ) oxide:
* oxides: neodymium ( III ) oxide – Nd < sub > 2 </ sub > O < sub > 3 </ sub >
Noble metals ( such as gold or platinum ) are prized because they resist direct chemical combination with oxygen, and substances like gold ( III ) oxide must be generated by indirect routes.
The chromium forms a passivation layer of chromium ( III ) oxide ( Cr < sub > 2 </ sub > O < sub > 3 </ sub >) when exposed to oxygen.
Thortveitite can contain up to 45 % of scandium in the form of scandium ( III ) oxide.
Thulium metal tarnishes slowly in air and burns readily at 150 ° C to form thulium ( III ) oxide:
The thallium ( III ) oxide is a black solid which decomposes above 800 ° C, forming the thallium ( I ) oxide and oxygen.
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