Athetoid cerebral palsy or dyskinetic cerebral palsy is mixed muscle tone – both hypertonia and hypotonia mixed with involuntary motions.

It is characterized by acute paralysis, dysphagia ( difficulty swallowing ), and dysarthria ( difficulty speaking ), and other neurological symptoms.

Expressive aphasia differs from dysarthria, which is characterized by a patient's inability to properly move the muscles of the tongue and mouth to produce speech.

The incidence of dysarthria is estimated to range from 31 % to 88 %.

Ataxic dysarthria is uncommon in cerebral palsy.

An examination of a patient reveals that the patient is confused and has dysarthria ( difficult or unclear articulation of speech that is otherwise linguistically normal ), ataxia ( loss of full control of bodily movements ), abnormal eye movements including nystagmus and ophthalmoparesis.

The majority of dysarthric patients are diagnosed as having ' mixed ' dysarthria, as neural damage resulting in dysarthria is rarely contained to one part of the nervous system — for example, multiple strokes, traumatic brain injury, and some kinds of degenerative illnesses ( such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ) usually damage many different sectors of the nervous system.

Ataxic dysarthria is an acquired neurological and sensorimotor speech deficit.

Since regulation of skilled movements is a primary function of the cerebellum, damage to the superior cerebellum and the superior cerebellar peduncle is believed to produce this form of dysarthria in ataxic patients.

For example, the Amer-Ind code is based on Plains Indian Sign Language, and has been used with children with severe-profound disabilities, and adults with a variety of diagnoses including dementia, aphasia and dysarthria.

Dysdiadochokinesia is also seen in Friedreich's ataxia and multiple sclerosis, as a cerebellar symptom ( including ataxia, intention tremor and dysarthria ).

It is also a feature of ataxic dysarthria.

The latter is characterized by ataxia and dysarthria, and may occur either as an inherited disorder or as a variant of multiple system atrophy.

Dysphonia is the medical term for disorders of the voice: an impairment in the ability to produce voice sounds using the vocal organs ( it is distinct from dysarthria which means disorders of speech, that is, an impairment in the ability to produce spoken words ).

** a peculiar pattern of dysarthria ( slurred speech, sometimes characterised by explosive variations in voice intensity despite a regular rhythm ).

Brainstem Slurring dysarthria ( tongue weakness causing impaired speech ); dysphagia ( difficulty swallowing ); numbness, weakness ; all four limb paresthesia ; drop attacks from sudden loss of postural tone are basilar in origin ; a vertebrobasilar artery occlusion episode causes symptoms to be induced by abrupt position changes.

Articulation problems resulting from dysarthria are treated by speech language pathologists, using a variety of techniques.

Sphingomyelin accumulation in the central nervous system ( including the cerebellum ) results in unsteady gait ( ataxia ), slurring of speech ( dysarthria ) and discoordinated swallowing ( dysphagia ).

Neurological injury due to damage in the central or peripheral nervous system may result in weakness, paralysis, or a lack of coordination of the motor-speech system, producing dysarthria.

The term dysarthria does not include speech disorders from structural abnormalities, such as cleft palate, and must not be confused with apraxia, which refers to problems in the planning and programming aspect of the motor-speech system.

# On the other hand, patients with dysarthria, whose speech problems are secondary, show a normal capacity for rehearsal.

Among them, include betahistine or dexamethasone / gentamicin for the treatment of Ménière's disease, carbamazepine / oxcarbazepine for the treatment of paroxysmal dysarthria and ataxia in multiple sclerosis, metoprolol / topiramate or valproic acid / tricyclic antidepressant for the treatment of vestibular migraine, and 4-aminopyridine for the treatment of episodic ataxia type 2 and downbeat and upbeat nystagmus.

Dysdiadochokinesia often presents in motor speech disorders ( dysarthria ), therefore testing for dysdiadochokinesia can be used for a differential diagnosis.

People with Tay – Sachs disease develop cognitive and motor skill deterioration, dysarthria, dysphagia, ataxia, and spasticity ; they typically die between five and fifteen years old.

* dysarthria ( motor speech disorder resulting from neurological injury )

Specific dysarthrias include spastic ( resulting from bilateral damage to the upper motor neuron ), flaccid ( resulting from bilateral or unilateral damage to the lower motor neuron ), ataxic ( resulting from damage to cerebellum ), unilateral upper motor neuron ( presenting milder symptoms than bilateral UMN damage ), hyperkinetic and hypokinetic ( resulting from damage to parts of the basal ganglia, such as in Huntington's disease or Parkinsonism ), and the mixed dysarthrias ( where symptoms of more than one type of dysarthria are present ).

Growing evidence supports the likelihood of cerebellar involvement specifically affecting speech motor programming and execution pathways, producing the characteristic features associated with ataxic dysarthria.

These result in lesions to key areas of the brain involved in planning, executing, or regulating motor operations in skeletal muscles ( i. e. muscles of the limbs ), including muscles of the head and neck ( dysfunction of which characterises dysarthria ).

At the same time other problems with fine motor functions ( writing, coloring, and using utensils to eat ), and with slurring of speech ( dysarthria ) may arise.

Most children with A-T have difficulty in school because of a delay in response time to visual, verbal or other cues, slurred and quiet speech ( dysarthria ), abnormalities of eye control ( oculomotor apraxia ), and impaired fine motor control.

Other neurologic symptoms include behavior change, dysarthria, gait disturbance, loss of fine and gross motor control with resultant deterioration of handwriting, headache, slowed cognition, facial grimacing, fidgetiness and hypotonia.

Symptoms, which vary in type and severity, may include asymmetrical ptosis ( a drooping of one or both eyelids ), diplopia ( double vision ) due to weakness of the muscles that control eye movements, an unstable or waddling gait, weakness in arms, hands, fingers, legs, and neck, a change in facial expression, dysphagia ( difficulty in swallowing ), shortness of breath and dysarthria ( impaired speech, often nasal due to weakness of the velar muscles ).

Cataplexy manifests itself as muscular weakness which may range from a barely perceptible slackening of the facial muscles to the dropping of the jaw or head, weakness at the knees, trembling of mesenteric muscles, rictus, dysarthria, may drop objects held in hands or a total collapse.

Individuals with cerebellar ataxia could also display instability of gait, difficulty with eye movements, dysarthria, dysphagia, hypotonia, dysmetria and dysdiadochokinesia.

* Cerebellar: Nystagmus, fast saccadic eye movements, truncal ataxia, dysarthria, dysmetria.

Sensory ataxia also lacks the associated features of cerebellar ataxia such as pendular tendon reflexes, scanning dysarthria, nystagmus and broken pursuit eye movements.

Frequently observed symptoms in this disorder are acute para-or quadraparesis, dysphagia, dysarthria, diplopia, loss of consciousness, and other neurological symptoms associated with brainstem damage.

Mostly reported paroxysmal attacks are painful tonic spasms, dysarthria and ataxia, numbness and hemiparesis.

There are three major types of dysarthria in cerebral palsy: spastic, dyskinetic ( athetosis ) and ataxic.

Some of the most consistent abnormalities observed in patients with ataxia dysarthria are alterations of the normal timing pattern, with prolongation of certain segments and a tendency to equalize the duration of syllables when speaking.

Risks arising from the operation are infection, stroke and dysarthria.