# That by retroactively extending copyright terms, Congress had violated the requirements of the Constitution's Copyright Clause, which gives Congress the following power: " To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries " ( emphasis added ) Plaintiffs argued that by reading this formulation so as to allow for any number of retroactive extensions, Congress could in practice guarantee an unlimited period of copyright protection, thus thwarting the intent of the clause.

According to the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers in 2006, the following are the Top 25 most-performed " holiday " songs written by ASCAP members, for the first five years of the 21st century: ( tracking plays in the U. S. only, and in order of number of plays )

Authors on the subject include the following: Plato, Cicero, Macrobius, Aulus Gellius, among the ancients ; as well as Argol, Maginus, and Salmasius.

Authors whose usage predates Steiner's include occultist Agrippa von Nettesheim, alchemist Thomas Vaughn ( Anthroposophia Theomagica ), and philosophers Immanuel Hermann Fichte and Robert Zimmermann ( Anthroposophie im Umriss ); Steiner wrote his doctoral thesis on Fichte and attended Zimmermann's classes at the University of Vienna.

Authors such as Christopher Ehret have built upon the little evidence available to develop scenarios of intensive usage of plants having built up first in North Africa, as a precursor to the development of true farming in the Fertile Crescent, but such suggestions are considered highly speculative until more North African archaeological evidence can be gathered.

Authors who assert this thesis include Minsky ( 1967 ), Savage ( 1987 ) and Gurevich ( 2000 ):

Authors whose epigrams survive include Catullus, who wrote both invectives and love epigrams – his poem 85 is one of the latter.

Authors of this genre include Stan Lee ( co-creator of Spider-Man, the Fantastic Four, the X-Men, and the Hulk ); Marv Wolfman, the creator of Blade for Marvel Comics, and The New Teen Titans for DC Comics ; Dean Wesley Smith ( Smallville, Spider-Man, and X-Men novels ) and Superman writers Roger Stern and Elliot S!

Authors connected to Stockholm include the poet and songwriter Carl Michael Bellman ( 1740 – 1795 ), novelist and dramatist August Strindberg ( 1849 – 1912 ), and novelist Hjalmar Söderberg ( 1869 – 1941 ), all of whom made Stockholm part of their works.

Authors who mention the oracle include Aeschylus, Aristotle, Clement of Alexandria, Diodorus, Diogenes, Euripides, Herodotus, Julian, Justin, Livy, Lucan, Ovid, Pausanias, Pindar, Plato, Plutarch, Sophocles, Strabo, Thucydides, and Xenophon.

Authors and writers who have lived in Redding include Mark Twain, who lived on present-day Mark Twain Lane and owned property in town until his death in 1910 ; Joel Barlow, a poet and diplomat, born in town ; Howard Fast ( in the 1980s ); Flannery O ' Connor ( who wrote her novel Wise Blood while a boarder at the home of fellow writer Robert Fitzgerald and family on Seventy Acre Road from 1949 to 1951 ).

Mr. Bancroft planned to include this copy in " Autograph Leaves of Our Country's Authors ," which he planned to sell at a Soldiers ' and Sailors ' Sanitary Fair in Baltimore.

Some songs written for the show later appeared on their albums ; these songs include " The Gulf War Song " and " My Baby Loves a Bunch of Authors ", which was written for a Toronto authors ' festival.

Authors who have recently employed it include George Santayana, in his eminent Dialogues in Limbo ( 1926, 2nd ed.

Authors of books titled The Meaning of Life or similar include:

Authors clearly influenced by Gaddis include Jonathan Franzen ( The Corrections ), David Markson ( Epitaph for a Tramp ), Joseph McElroy ( A Smuggler's Bible ) and Stanley Elkin ( The Magic Kingdom ).

Authors who have written extensively on conversation and attempted to analyze its nature include:

Authors who have advocated sex-positive feminism include Ellen Willis, Susie Bright, Patrick Califia, Gayle Rubin, Carol Queen, Avedon Carol, Tristan Taormino, Diana Cage, Nina Hartley, and Betty Dodson, who could be regarded as the grandmother of the movement.

Authors published originally by Harper include Mark Twain, the Brontë sisters and William Makepeace Thackeray.

Authors published originally by Collins include H. G. Wells, Agatha Christie and J. R. R. Tolkien.

Authors connected with the town include Lesley Glaister who was born in Wellingborough, while Stephen Elboz was born and currently lives in the town.

Authors discussing libertarian legal theory include:

We use the magazine as a yardstick for our books ... We are no longer going to look at what sells as a sort of argument, because it seemed to me that we were in danger of losing our inventiveness about what we wanted to do .” Authors recently published by Granta Books include Simon Gray, Michael Collins, Anna Funder, Olga Tokarczuk and Tim Guest.

Authors of Rostov-on-Don include Anton Chekhov, Mikhail Sholokhov, Zakrutkin, Fadeyev, Safronov, Kalinin, Alexander Pushkin, Maxim Gorky, Sergey Yesenin, Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy, and Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Zhdanov and Mikael Nalbandian.

Authors who wrote on mental disorders and / or proposed treatments during this period include Al-Balkhi, Al-Razi, Al-Farabi, Ibn-Sina, Al-Majusi Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi, Averroes, and Unhammad

Authors included in the corpus include, among many others:

Authors of " Menippea " in Bakhtin's sense include Voltaire, Diderot, and E. T. A.

Authors who were supported by Kraus include Peter Altenberg, Else Lasker-Schüler, and Georg Trakl.

This was the only time in the history of the American Society of Journalists and Authors that the award was presented to more than one journalist in the same year.

Authors to mention are Oskar Baum, Max Brod, Franz Kafka, the journalist Egon Erwin Kisch, Gustav Meyrink, Robert Musil, Rainer Maria Rilke, Franz Werfel, and Oskar Wiener.

Authors such as Chris Griscom and Shirley MacLaine explored it in numerous ways in their books.

* Encounter Authors: Chris Carr, Ken Eklund, Lori White, Tom Ono, Gary Shockley, Dave Georgeson, Cynthia Hwang

King, as well as his nephew, Chris Aable, are among a minority of actors who are members in both the Screen Actors Guild and the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers.

Authors whose work appeared in the periodical included Billy Collins, Peter Carey, Steve Kilbey, August Kleinzahler, Chris Wallace-Crabbe, John F. Deane and Alan Wearne.

Authors featured on Integral World include, among others: Michel Bauwens, Don Beck, Roland Benedikter, Elliot Benjamin, Edward Berge, Allan Combs, Susanne Cook-Greuter, Robert McDermott, Chris Dierkes, Mark Edwards, Sean Esbjörn-Hargens, Jorge Ferrer, Jordan S. Gruber, Wouter Hanegraaff, Ray Harris, Rod Hemsell, John Heron, Alan Kazlev, David Lane, Steve McIntosh, Jeff Meyerhoff, Joe Perez, Nancy Roof, Wayne Teasdale, Frank Visser, Lawrence Wollersheim, Michael Zimmerman

The term alphasyllabary was suggested for the Indic scripts in 1997 by William Bright, following South Asian linguistic usage, to convey the idea that " they share features of both alphabet and syllabary ".

In Italian, possibly following a tradition of antiquity, the Arcipelago ( from medieval Greek * ἀρχιπέλαγος ) was the proper name for the Aegean Sea and, later, usage shifted to refer to the Aegean Islands ( since the sea is remarkable for its large number of islands ).

Noteworthy in the following statement is the usage of the term " not far " ( non longe ) which was also used to describe the distance between Birka and the Uppsala temple:

Although not an acronym, the language's name is sometimes spelled with all capital letters as FORTH, following the customary usage during its earlier years.

Due to increasing usage in the years following nationalisation, further cables between Port Cornaa and St Bees were laid in 1875 and 1885.

* In programming languages such as Lisp and Python, lambda is an operator used to denote anonymous functions or closures, following the usage of lambda calculus.

In the years following the Second World War, as component " Hi-Fi " ( high-fidelity ) and, later, " stereo " ( stereophonic ) sound systems slowly evolved from an exotic specialty item into a common feature of American homes, the literal description of the record-spinning component as a " record changer " ( which could automatically play through a stacked series of discs ) or a " turntable " ( which was usually meant to be burdened with only one disc at a time ) entered common usage.

meaning " quod erat demonstrandum " or by one of the tombstone marks "" or "" meaning " End of Proof ", introduced by Paul Halmos following their usage in magazine articles.

The American Heritage Dictionary ( 2000 ) uses the following two sentences to illustrate the difference, noting that the distinction " is useful in principle, but it is by no means widely observed, and considerable variation in usage occurs at all levels.

It describes this usage as being of unknown origin, but notes the following: " OF boul, boule, bole fraud, deceit, trickery ; mod.

Melbourne's tram usage peaked at 260 million trips in 1949, before dropping sharply to 200 million the following year in 1950.

A simple example of a common usage of grep is the following, which searches the file fruitlist. txt for lines containing the text string apple:

Bishops are usually drawn from the ranks of the archimandrites, and are required to be celibate ; however, a non-monastic priest may be ordained to the episcopate if he no longer lives with his wife ( following Canon XII of the Quinisext Council ) In contemporary usage such a non-monastic priest is usually tonsured to the monastic state, and then elevated to archimandrite, at some point prior to his consecration to the episcopacy.

Other illustrative examples of usage occur in the following articles:

Note: the majority of the following examples are American English usage.

This usage stuck in the United States and Canada following the British colonization of North America, but in Britain the word " nappy " took its place.

Internet usage in the country has been hampered by the inadequate fixed-line infrastructure and the high cost of international bandwidth, but this market sector has started to accelerate following the introduction of various kinds of broadband services including ADSL, cable modems, WiMAX wireless broadband and mobile data services, and then the landing of the first international submarine fibre optic cable in the country ( SEACOM ) in 2009.

By 1908, this was described by the New York Times as a " long-established … preference " ( see article ) In modern usage in Scotland, " Scotch " is never used, other than as described in the following paragraph for certain articles ; it has gathered patronising and faintly offensive connotations (" frugal with one's money "), and a non-Scot who uses the word in conversation with Scots as a description of them may find this a good test of their courtesy.

The Canadian city of Greater Sudbury, Ontario ( formerly known as Sudbury and still referred to as Sudbury in everyday usage ) was named after Sudbury, becoming a settlement in 1883 following the discovery of rich nickel and copper ores there during the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway.

During the early 20th century, the canal network was in decline following a declining usage and increasing competition from the railways and road transport.

( A Master of Arts is called a Regent during the three years following the time when he or she took that degree ; subsequently he or she is designated as Non-Regent, and one elected by the Senate from among the Masters Non-Regent, by statute, is, according to ancient usage, designated as " Senior Master Non-Regent ".

To avoid confusion, academic texts may call the primary branch of Chinese Yue, following the Mandarin pinyin spelling, and either restrict " Cantonese " to its common usage as the dialect of Guangzhou, or avoid the term " Cantonese " altogether and distinguish Yue from Canton or Guangzhou dialect.

His initial appointment was as Mufti, but when the Supreme Muslim Council was created in the following year, Husseini demanded and received the title Grand Mufti that had earlier been created, perhaps on the lines of Egyptian usage, by the British for his half-brother Kamil.

There are no significant errors or discrepancies in word usage between the first and following parts.

The term became common British usage during and for some years following the Second World War.