Hezbollah was largely formed with the aid of the Ayatollah Khomeini's followers in the early 1980s in order to spread Islamic revolution and follows a distinct version of Islamic Shi ' a ideology ( Valiyat al-faqih or Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists ) developed by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, leader of the " Islamic Revolution " in Iran.

In 1989, after Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini's fatwa calling for Salman Rushdie and his publishers to be killed, Mahfouz called Khomeini a terrorist.

General Hassan Pakravan, Director of Savak from 1961 – 1965, had an almost benevolent reputation, for example dining with the Ayatollah Khomeini while Khomeini was under house arrest on a weekly basis, and later intervened to prevent Khomeini's execution, on the grounds it would " anger the common people of Iran ".

In an attempt to weaken Ayatollah Khomeini's ability to communicate with his supporters, the Shah urged Iraq to deport Khomeini.

The Ayatollah Khomeini's 1989 fatwa calling for the killing of Indian-born British citizen Salman Rushdie had international impact.

Montazeri's leadership qualifications were further hurt by not being a seyyed, or descendant of the Prophet Mohammed, traditionally wearing the black turban in Shiite Islam, like Khomeini and Khomeini's successor Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei.

Khomeini's successor, supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, also appointed him a member " of a powerful council which advises him on major policies ".

Having laid out a spectrum of authoritative options for Islamic society, in his second volume, Government by Mandate ( Hokumat e Vela ' i ), Kadivar criticises Ayatollah Khomeini's theology, the most absolutist thesis among the varieties of " Velayat e Motlaghe ye Faghih " and the one enshrined in the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

He and Frank " Poncho " Sampedro saw newspaper photos of the Ayatollah Khomeini's body being carried to his grave as mourners were burning American flags in the street.

At that time many persons who had formerly led a life based on secular and liberal values and who had fervently supported the Iranian monarchy suddenly embraced the stern religious values imposed by Ayatollah Khomeini's regime with unbridled fervor.

He opposed the death penalty for apostasy from Islam and opposed Ayatollah Khomeini's death sentence fatwa against Salman Rushdie.

Moghadam was executed under Ayatollah Khomeini's order, after the Iranian Revolution along with Nassiri and Nassiri's predecessor, Hassan Pakravan.

After Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini's death, the Assembly of Experts ( which is made of Islamic scholars elected by direct vote ) appointed Ali Khamenei as the new Supreme Leader.

Motahhari was a disciple of Ayatollah Khomeini during the Shah's reign and formed the Council of Revolution of Iran at Khomeini's request.

Because he was a disciple of Ayatollah Khui, a rival of Khomeini, Muhsini did not have a good relation with Khomeini's entourage, and he was even arrested in August 1980 in Iran, and the offices of the party in Tehran were closed down, after the Iranians claimed he was being financed by the CIA.

Later they demanded the release of 91 of their comrades held in Ayatollah Khomeini's jails.

" Within a short time, it became clear that Ayatollah Khomeini's model of an Islamic society was modeled not on democracy, but on theocratic rule of Islamic jurists ( or velayat-e faqih ), and traditional Islamic sharia law.

They were opposed to creating an Islamic state ( see Ayatollah Ha ' eri Yazdi ( Khomeini's own teacher ), Ayatollah Borujerdi, Grand Ayatollah Shariatmadari, and Grand Ayatollah Khui ).

His family includes supreme religious jurists ( Marja ’ a ) such as the late Grand Ayatollah Mirza Mahdi Al Shirazi ( grandfather ), Grand Ayatollah Mohammad Shirazi ( uncle ) and Grand Ayatollah Sadiq Shirazi ( uncle ), late Grand Ayatullah Ali Al-Sabzowari ( cousin ), late Grand Ayatullah Sayed Abdul Hadi Al-Shirazi ( great uncle ), as well as Grand Ayatollah Mohammad Taqi Al Modarresi ( brother ).

Khomeini became a marja in 1963, following the death of Grand Ayatollah Seyyed Husayn Borujerdi.

Ayatollah Seyyed Abol-Ghasem Mostafavi Kashani () ( born 1882 in Tehran, Iran, died March 14, 1962 ) was a prominent Twelver Shi ' a Muslim cleric and former Parliament Speaker of Iran.

His father, Ayatollah Hajj Seyyed Mostafavi Kashani (), was a noted clergyman of Shiism in his time.

Abtahi's father, Ayatollah Seyyed Hassan Abtahi is the author of several controversial books about Imam Mahdi.

A letter was sent to the late Grand Ayatollah Seyyed Husayn Borujerdi asking him for help ; Grand Ayatollah agreed with the plan and donated 100, 000 Rials to the center.

* 2004-2009 Ayatollah Seyyed Abbas Hosseini Ghaemmaghami

Grand Ayatollah Seyyed Hossein Tabatabai Borujerdi ( March 23, 1875-March 30, 1961 ) () was a Twelver Shi ' a Marja and the leading Marja in Iran from roughly 1947 to his death in 1961.

In May 2008, Boyle offered to " represent Iran in an international tribunal for trying the Zionist regime on charges of genocide of Palestinians ", and reportedly demanded that his proposal be submitted to Ayatollah Seyyed Ali Khamenei and President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.

It is named after Ayatollah Seyyed Ruhollah Khomeini, who was regarded by his followers as an imam.

Khaz ' al then sought to ally himself with the Majles ( Iranian Parliament ) opposition to Reza Khan, writing a number of letters to the opposition leader, Ayatollah Seyyed Hassan Modarres.

* Died: The Ayatollah Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi, 86, leader of Iran's Shiite Muslims.

Hojjatieh ( in Persian: انجمن حجتیه ) — also called Hojjatieh Society — is a semi-clandestine traditionalist Shia organization founded in Iran in 1953 ( in Tehran ) by Shaikh Mahmoud Halabi ( a Tehrani mullah from Mashhad ; 1900 – 1998 ) with permission of Ayatollah Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi.

* Ayatollah Ahmad Jannati ( a cleric )

# Jannati, Ahmad, Ayatollah

Ayatollah Rafsanjani was elected his successor as chairman, beating Ayatollah Ahmad Jannati, an ally of President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, by 41 to 30 votes.

He is also the son-in-law of Ayatollah Morteza Motahhari, having married his daughter Farideh, and also a cousin of Ahmad Tavakkoli ( Larijani's and Tavakkoli's mothers are sisters ).

Ayatollah Ahmad Jannati Massah (, born 22 February 1927 ) is a hardline Iranian politician, fundamentalist Shi ' i cleric and a founding member of Haghani school with close ties with Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Mesbah-Yazdi.

Answering to radicals clerics such Ayatollah Ahmad Jannati's will to speed up executions, Iran's judiciary chief firmly state his opposition, commenting this will as being against the Sharia and Iranian law.

The Islamist students had wanted to inform him but according to author Mark Bowden, Ayatollah Musavi Khoeyniha persuaded them not to.

As Ayatollah Musavi Khoeyniha had hoped, Khomeini supported the takeover.

The media, in an attempt to explain the ideology of Ayatollah Khomeini and the Iranian Revolution to a Western audience described it as a " fundamentalist version of Islam " by way of analogy to the Christian fundamentalist movement in the U. S. Thus was born the term " Islamic fundamentalist ", which would come to be one of the most common usages of the term in the following years.

The idea behind the plan was for Israel to ship weapons through an intermediary ( identified as Manucher Ghorbanifar ) to the Islamic republic as a way of aiding a supposedly moderate, politically influential faction within the regime of Ayatollah Khomeni who were believed to be seeking a rapprochement with the United States ; after the transaction, the U. S. would reimburse Israel with the same weapons, while receiving monetary benefits.

He defended Salman Rushdie, the novelist who was subject to a fatwā requiring Rushdie's execution by Ayatollah Khomeini, and took a strongly pro-interventionist position against Serbia during its conflict with Croatia and Bosnia, supporting NATO forces whilst citing defence of civilian populations in the latter countries.

He was placed under the leadership of Ayatollah Abdul Karim Haeri Yazdi.

In early 1979, Iran's Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was overthrown by the Islamic Revolution, thus giving way to an Islamic republic led by the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini.

These groups came under the umbrella of the " Council for the Islamic Revolution ", which was supervised by Ayatollah Hussein Ali Montazeri, the designated heir of Ayatollah Khomeini.

One of the most famous political uses of cassette tapes was the dissemination of sermons by the Ayatollah Khomeini throughout Iran before the 1979 Iranian Revolution, in which Khomeini urged the overthrow of the regime of the Shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.

In the wake of FN electoral success, the immigration debate, growing concerns over Islamic fundamentalism, and the fatwa against Salman Rushdie by Ayatollah Khomeini, the 1989 affaire du foulard was the first major test of the relations between the values of the French Republic and Islam.

Prior to his assassination in August 2003, SCIRI was led by Ayatollah Mohammed Baqir al-Hakim ; afterwards it was led by the ayatollah's brother, Abdul Aziz al-Hakim.

Hakim, living in exile in Iran, was the son of Ayatollah Mohsen-Hakim and a member of one of the leading Shi ' a clerical families in Iraq.

Its leader, Ayatollah al-Hakim, was killed in a car bomb attack in the Iraqi city of Najaf on August 29, 2003.

Writer Salman Rushdie was accused of blasphemy and subject of a fatwā issued by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the Supreme Leader of Iran, in February 1989.

One such attack was the failed assassination attempt on Grand Ayatollah Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah in the Beirut car bombing on March 8, 1985.

The essay was written by British-Indian novelist Salman Rushdie, who found controversy in 1988 over one of his books gaining him a religious fatwa for Rushdie's death from Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini which ultimately resulted in United Kingdom and Iran breaking diplomatic ties to each other a year later.

The overthrow of the Shah in Iran and rise of the Ayatollah Khomeini was one of the most significant signs of this shift.

Khatami's father, the late Ayatollah Ruhollah Khatami, was a high-ranking cleric and the Khateeb ( the one who delivers the sermon for Friday prayers ) in the city of Yazd in the early years of the Iranian Revolution.

The battle, which was mostly centered around Wādī ' as-Salām Cemetery and the southwestern portion of the city, lasted three weeks and ended when senior Iraqi cleric Grand Ayatollah Alī Al-Sīstānī negotiated an end to the fighting.