The current president of Iran Mahmoud Ahmadinejad is also rumored to be an advocate of Hojjatieh through the influence of Ayatollah Yazdi, who was his mentor.

Asia Times reports that Ahmad Tavassoli, a former chief of staff of Khomeini, claimed in 2005 that " the executive branch of the Iranian government as well as the crack troops of the Revolutionary Guards have been hijacked by the Hojjatieh, which, he implied, now also controls Ahmadinejad.

It is also reported that Esfandiar Rahim Mashaei, who was to have been Ahmedinejad's First Vice President, may be a Hojjatieh member, but the source of this information is unclear.

An earlier organization was founded by Halabi, the Anjoman-e Imám-e Zaman ( called Anjoman-e Zedd-e Bahá ' í privately ) which later was renamed to the Anjoman-e Hojjatieh Mahdavieh ( called Hojjatieh for short ) after the Iranian Revolution.

* Ahmadinejad's devotion to the Imam linked to membership in Hojjatieh Society

* Hojjatieh Society making a comeback

" By doing so he was given freedom to recruit members and raise funds, and by 1977 Hojjatieh is said to have had 12, 000 members.

" Those who adhere to this perspective claim Hojjatieh is a millenarian group who put great stock on the return of the Mahdi and the idea of such a return bringing happiness to true believers.

Ayatollah Mesbah Yazdi is reported to be the highest ranking member of the Hojjatieh.

It is noteworthy that while Hojjatieh generally renounces all Islamic ( and other ) governments before the arrival of the twelfth Imam as illegitimate or at least unnecessary, Mesbah Yazdi recommends and gives full authority to the pre-messianic Islamic government.

" According to the report, Hojjatieh were endangering Iran by working for Shia supremacy, Feldman writing in 2006 in the New York Times suggests this rumor was spread by Ahmadinejad's enemies.

Since the 1980s, Hojjatieh has been frequently cited in unfounded conspiracy theories which claim that real power lies in hands of people who are secretly affiliated with Hojjatieh.

See Hojjatieh.

The Hojjatieh society has been described as " an underground messianic sect ... which hopes to quicken the coming of the apocalypse " in order to hasten the return of the Mahdi, the prophesied future redeemer of Islam.

He denies this and has said that if anyone finds a connection between him and Hojjatieh, he will denounce everything he stands for.

Imperial Iranian Academy of Philosophy ( in Persian: انجمن شاهنشاهی فلسفه ایران ) was founded in Iran during the Pahlavi era by Seyyed Hossein Nasr, a Professor of History of Science and Philosophy at the University of Tehran who also served for several years as President of Aryamehr University of Technology in Iran.

The Allied fleet defeated the demoralized remnants of the Persian fleet in the Battle of Mycale — on the same day as Plataea, according to tradition.

The Arabian Sea has two important branches — the Gulf of Aden in the southwest, connecting with the Red Sea through the strait of Bab-el-Mandeb ; and the Gulf of Oman to the northwest, connecting with the Persian Gulf.

* Winston Churchill secretly accepted £ 5, 000 — the equivalent of perhaps millions in today's money — from Burmah Oil ( now known as BP ) to lobby the British government to allow them to monopolise Persian oil resources.

In addition, Pausanias relates that at the time of the Persian invasion in 480 BC the Athenians were advised by the oracle to put their faith in their " wooden walls " — taking this advice to mean their navy, they won the famous battle at Salamis.

The two powerful groups making up the community — the priestly families who controlled the Temple and who traced their foundation-myth to Moses and the wilderness wanderings, and the major landowning families who made up the " elders " and who traced their own origins to Abraham, who had " given " them the land — were in conflict over many issues, and each had its own " history of origins ", but the Persian promise of greatly increased local autonomy for all provided a powerful incentive to cooperate in producing a single text.

In the 1870s, Ottoman officials were reasserting their presence in the Persian Gulf, with a military intervention in 1871 — which was not effectively pursued — where family rivalries in Kuwait and Qatar were breeding chaos.

The continued spread of Christianity, and the foundation of national churches, led to the translation of the Bible — often beginning with books from the New Testament — into a variety of other languages at a relatively early date: Armenian, Georgian, Ethiopic, Persian, Soghdian, and eventually Gothic, Old Church Slavonic, Arabic, and Nubian.

It was possible for the assembly to recall an ostracised person ahead of time ; before the Persian invasion of 479 BC, an amnesty was declared under which at least two ostracised leaders — Pericles ' father Xanthippus and Aristides ' the Just '— are known to have returned.

Arabic, Urdu, and Persian languages — written from right to left — use a reversed question mark: ؟, and a reversed comma: ،.

In the fourth century AD, the Bishop Acacius of Amida, touched by the plight of Persian prisoners captured in a recent war with the Roman Empire — who were held in his town under appalling conditions and destined for a life of slavery, took the initiative of ransoming them, by selling his church's precious gold and silver vessels, and letting them return to their country.

When the U. K. announced a policy in 1968 ( reaffirmed in March 1971 ) of ending the treaty relationships with the Persian Gulf sheikdoms, Qatar joined the other eight states then under British protection ( the seven trucial sheikdoms — the present United Arab Emirates -- and Bahrain ) in a plan to form a union of Arab emirates.

Marco Polo in his 13th-century travels, for example, describes the Persian race — the current concept of " race " dates back only to the 17th century.

During his studies, he dedicated himself to mastering English — adding this language to the Persian, Turkish, Arabic and French, languages in which he was already fluent-so that he could translate the letters of ` Abdu ' l-Bahá and serve as his secretary.

* August, 480 BC: Battle of Artemisium — The Persian fleet fights an inconclusive battle with the Greek allied fleet

* 479 BC — death of Mardonius, Persian commander at Plataea

* 502 BC — Naxos rebels against Persian domination sparking the Ionian Revolt.

* 501 BC — Naxos is attacked by the Persian Empire.

Pericles (, Periklēs, " surrounded by glory "; c. 495 – 429 BC ) was a prominent and influential Greek statesman, orator, and general of Athens during the city's Golden Age — specifically, the time between the Persian and Peloponnesian wars.

The story of Turandot was taken from a Persian collection of stories called The Book of One Thousand and One Days ( 1722 French translation Les Mille et un jours by François Pétis de la Croix — not to be confused with its sister work The Book of One Thousand and One Nights ), where the character of " Turandokht " as a cold princess was found.

* Montesquieu — Persian Letters ( Lettres persanes ) ( 1721 )

He had also learned a great deal about Persian customs and traditions from his teacher.

Arabic is also widely used, sometimes as an abjad ( as with Urdu and Persian ) and sometimes as a complete alphabet ( as with Kurdish and Uyghur ).

According to Benjamin Thorpe " Grimm says the word embla, emla, signifies a busy woman, from amr, ambr, aml, ambl, assiduous labour ; the same relation as Meshia and Meshiane, the ancient Persian names of the first man and woman, who were also formed from trees.

In these campaigns Agesilaus also benefited from the aid of the Ten Thousand, who marched through miles of Persian territory to make it to the Black Sea.

Ahmad Shah Durrani ( c. 1722 – 1773 ) ( Pashto /), also known as Ahmad Shāh Abdālī ( Pashto / Persian: احمد شاه ابدالي ) and born as Ahmad < u > Kh </ u > ān, was the founder of the Durrani Empire ( Afghan Empire ) in 1747 and is regarded by many to be the founder of the modern state of Afghanistan .</ poem >

Amasis worrying that his daughter would be a concubine to the Persian king refused to give up his offspring ; Amasis also was not willing to take on the Persian empire so he concocted a trickery in which he forced the daughter of the ex-pharaoh Apries, whom Herodotus explicitly confirms to have been killed by Amasis, to go to Persia instead of his own offspring.

Herodotus also relates the desecration of Ahmose II / Amasis ' mummy when the Persian king Cambyses conquered Egypt and thus ended the 26th Saite dynasty:

It may be derived from an Iranian ethnonym * ha-mazan -, " warriors ", a word attested as a denominal verb ( formed with the Indo-Iranian root kar-" make " also in kar-ma ) in Hesychius of Alexandria's gloss (" hamazakaran: ' to make war ' ( Persian )").

It also remained the spoken tongue of the indigenous Assyrian / Babylonian citizens of all Mesopotamia under Persian, Greek and Roman rule, and indeed well into the Arab period it was still the language of the majority, particularly in the north of Mesopotamia, surviving to this day among the Assyrian Christians.

The word assassin is often believed to derive from the word Hashshashin ( Persian: حش ّ اشين, ħashshāshīyīn, also Hashishin, Hashashiyyin, or Assassins ), and shares its etymological roots with hashish ( or ; from Arabic: ).

The author also displays an accurate knowledge of Persian customs and palaces.

Instead, the Hebrew name Ahasuerus accords with an inscription of the time that notes that Artaxerxes II was named also Arshu, understood as a shortening of Achshiyarshu the Babylonian rendering of the Persian Khshayarsha ( Xerxes ), through which the Hebrew Achashverosh ( Ahasuerus ) is derived.

Ctesias related that Artaxerxes II was also called Arsicas which is understood as a similar shortening with the Persian suffix-ke that is applied to shortened names.

Identifications with other Persian monarchs have also been suggested.

According to Stephen Frederic Dale, the name Babur is derived from the Persian word babr, meaning " tiger ", a word that repeatedly appears in Firdawsī's Shāhnāma and had also been borrowed by the Turkic languages of Central Asia.

A more general binomial theorem and the so-called " Pascal's triangle " were known in the 10th-century A. D. to Indian mathematician Halayudha and Persian mathematician Al-Karaji, in the 11th century to Persian poet and mathematician Omar Khayyam, and in the 13th century to Chinese mathematician Yang Hui, who all derived similar results .< ref > Al-Karaji also provided a mathematical proof of both the binomial theorem and Pascal's triangle, using mathematical induction.

The Behistun Inscription ( also Bistun or Bisutun, Modern Persian: بیستون < Old Persian: Bagastana, meaning " the place of god ") is a multi-lingual inscription located on Mount Behistun in the Kermanshah Province of Iran, near the city of Kermanshah in western Iran.

Herodotus recounts the story that Cynaegirus, brother of the playwright Aeschylus, who was also among the fighters, charged into the sea, grabbed one Persian trireme, and started pulling it towards shore.

In the early period it was the name of a small territory in southern Babylonia extending along the northern and probably also the western shores of the Persian Gulf.

600 BC or 576 BC – 530 BC ) – also known as Cyrus II – the grandson of Cyrus I, an Achaemenid ruler and the founder of the Great Persian Empire

It is also sometimes referred to as Middle Asia, and, colloquially, " the ' stans " ( as the five countries generally considered to be within the region all have names ending with the Persian suffix "- stan ", meaning " land of ") and is within the scope of the wider Eurasian continent.

It is also used in Iranian aash recipes, and is also called sheved in Persian.