The last Assyrian city to fall was Harran in south east Anotolia, this city was also the birthplace of the last king of Babylon, the Assyrian Nabonidus and his son and regent Belshazzar.

The hymn to Hermes, fr308 ( b ), was quoted by Hephaestion ( grammarian ) and both he and Libanius, the rhetorician, quoted the first two lines of fr. 350, celebrating the return from Babylon of Alcaeus ' brother.

* Eurypyle, queen of the Amazons who was reported to have led an expedition against Ninus and Babylon around 1760 BC

So strong was Ambrose's hostility to some of the delegates that he described Basel as a western Babylon.

In the early 6th century Judah rebelled against Babylon and was destroyed.

The conqueror of Babylon was Gobryas, governor of Gutium, a general of Cyrus, king of Persia.

According to the book, the Prophet Jeremiah was a son of a priest from Anatot in the land of Benjamin, who lived in the last years of the Kingdom of Judah just prior to, during, and immediately after the siege of Jerusalem, culminating in the destruction of Solomon's Temple and the raiding of the city by Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon.

The first was the late 7th century Deuteronomistic reform of official Judean religion under king Josiah, who banned many elements of the old polytheistic cult from the Temple, and the sudden collapse of Assyria and the rise of Babylon to take its place ; the second was exile of the royal court, the priests and other members of the ruling elite following the Babylonian destruction of Jerusalem c. 586 BCE.

By the middle of the 6th century the king of Babylon was Nabonidus.

The Cyrus chapters are similar in style and theme to the Cyrus cylinder, and it is possible that Deutero-Isaiah was influenced by the propaganda of Cyrus and his supporters, who claimed that the god Marduk had chosen Cyrus to liberate Babylon.

* The land between Egypt and Canaan of the first Exodus was a " great and terrible wilderness, an arid wasteland " ( Deut 8: 15 ), but in this new Exodus, the land between Babylon ( Mesopotamia ) and the Promised Land will be transformed into a paradise, where the mountains will be lowered and the valleys raised to create level road ( Isa 40: 4 ).

Another important passage was Isaiah 40: 3 – 5, which imagines the exiled Israel proceeding home to Jerusalem on a newly-constructed road, led by the victorious Yahweh who has conquered the gods of Babylon.

In 597, following a rebellion against Babylon, Ezekiel was among the large group of Judeans taken into captivity by the Babylonians.

These are during 853 – 841 BC when Jerusalem was invaded by Philistines and Arabs during the reign of Jehoram ( recorded in 2 Kings 8: 20-22 and 2 Chronicles 21: 8-20 in the Christian Old Testament ) and 605 – 586 BC when Jerusalem was attacked by King Nebuchadnezzer of Babylon, which led to the Babylonian exile of Israel ( recorded in Psalm 137 ).

The prophecy was not fulfilled in Micah's time, but a hundred years later Judah was facing a similar crisis with Babylon, and Micah's prophecies were reworked and expanded to reflect the new situation.

The Book of Haggai was written in 520 BCE some 18 years after Cyrus had conquered Babylon and issued a decree in 538 BCE allowing the captive Jews to return to Judea.

The fulfilment of this prophecy is commonly understood to have taken place when Judah was captured by the nation of Babylon and many of its inhabitants were exiled in an event known as the Babylonian captivity.

The earliest known tool for use in computation was the abacus, and it was thought to have been invented in Babylon circa 2400 BC.

Chaldea or Chaldaea (), from Greek, Chaldaia ; Akkadian ; Hebrew כשדים, Kaśdim ; Aramaic: ܟܐܠܕܘ, Kaldo ) was a marshy land located in south eastern Mesopotamia which came to rule Babylon briefly.

The short-lived 11th dynasty of the Kings of Babylon ( 6th century BC ) is conventionally known to historians as the Chaldean Dynasty, although only the first four rulers of this dynasty were known to be Chaldeans, and the last ruler, Nabonidus ( and his son and regent Belshazzar ) was known to be from Assyria.

It would appear that Bit Yakin was the chief or capital city of the land ; and the king of Chaldea is also called the king of Bit Yakin, just as the kings of Babylonia are regularly styled simply king of Babylon, the capital city.

Babylonia was a state in central and southern Iraq with Babylon as its capital.

According to the Jewish version of events, when the Judean exile ended in 538 BCE and the exiles began returning home from Babylon, they found their former homeland populated by other people who claimed the land as their own and Jerusalem, their former glorious capital, in ruins.

An alternative capital was established at Seleucia on the Tigris, north of Babylon.

* c. 612 BC: Babylon, capital of Babylonia becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Nineveh, capital of Assyria.

Among the great states of the time, only Babylon refrained from taking part in battles, mainly due to its new position as the world's religious and intellectual capital.

* 1770 BCE: Babylon, capital of Babylonia becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Thebes, capital of Egypt.

Once home again, these visitors thought of Paris as a modern Babylon, the capital of pleasure and the “ little ladies of Paris ”.

In many capital cities " Moulin Rouges " and " Montmartres " sprang up like mushrooms, but their methods of imitation and free interpretation made them more like Sodom and Gomorrah than Babylon.

Babylonia was an ancient cultural region in central-southern Mesopotamia ( present-day Iraq ), with Babylon, and later Seleucia-Ctesiphon ( Māhōzē ) as its capital.

However, Babylon continued to be the capital of the kingdom and one of the ' holy ' cities of western Asia, where the priests of Mesopotamian Religion were all-powerful, and the only place where the right to inheritance of the short lived old Babylonian empire could be conferred.

He fought and defeated the Elamites and drove them from Babylonian territory, sacking the Elamite capital Susa, and recovering the sacred statue of Marduk that had been carried off from Babylon.

Cyrus now claimed to be the legitimate successor of the ancient Babylonian kings and the avenger of Bel-Marduk, who was assumed to be wrathful at the impiety of Nabonidus in removing the images of the local gods from their ancestral shrines to his capital Babylon.

Babylonia, and particularly its capital city Babylon, has long held a place in Abrahamic religions as a symbol of excess and dissolute power.

Darius then fled to Ecbatana and attempted to raise a third army, while Alexander took possession of Babylon, Susa, and the Persian capital at Persepolis.

* 612 BC — Estimation: Babylon, capital of Babylonia becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Nineveh, capital of Assyria.

Nabonidus was staying in the city at the time and soon fled to the capital, Babylon, which he had not visited in years.

Here stood Ur ( Mugheir, more correctly Muqayyar ) the earliest capital of the country ; and Babylon, with its suburb, Borsippa ( Birs Nimrud ), as well as the two Sippars ( the Sepharvaim of Scripture, now Abu Habba ), occupied both the Arabian and Chaldaean sides of the river.

Babylon was soon left in the shadow of Seleucia, and the story goes that Antiochus, the son of Seleucus, moved the whole population of Babylon to his father's namesake capital in 275 BC.

When Babylon became the capital of Mesopotamia, the patron deity of Babylon was elevated to the level of supreme god.

The empire was put under the authority of a regent in the person of Perdiccas in 323 BC, and the territories were divided between Alexander's generals, who thereby became satraps, at the Partition of Babylon in 323 BC.

* Alexander the Great orders his admiral, Nearchus, to sail from the Hydaspes River in western India to the Persian Gulf and up the Euphrates River to Babylon while Alexander's army starts marching through Gedrosia ( Baluchistan ).

In the " Partition of Babylon " however, Perdiccas effectively divided the enormous Macedonian dominion among Alexander's generals.

Babylon also had a sizable population of Macedonian and Greek veterans of Alexander's army.

In the Partition of Babylon made after Alexander's death ( 323 BC ) Alexander's generals agreed that Philip III of Macedon, an epileptic son of Alexander's father Philip II of Macedon, and the unborn child of Alexander's wife Roxana should be recognized as joint kings.

As part of the division of the provinces after Alexander's death in 323 BC, Antigonus also received Pamphylia and Lycia from Perdiccas, regent of the empire, at the Partition of Babylon.

After Alexander's death in Babylon, Arrhidaeus was proclaimed king by the Macedonian army in Asia.

He was at Babylon at the time of Alexander's death, the 11 June 323 BC.

This Mazaeus was the commander who threw away what looked like certain victory on the Persian right at the battle of Gaugamela ( 331 BC ), and later became Alexander's governor of Babylon.

After Alexander's sudden death at Babylon in 323 BC, she bore him a posthumous son called Alexander IV Aegus.

* 323 BCE: The city comes under the rule of Laomedon of Mytilene, who is given control of the province of Syria following Alexander's death and the resulting Partition of Babylon between the Diadochi.

Tarn notes that the document is dated no later than June 323 BC, since it features Babylon as not yet partitioned by Alexander's generals.

Following Alexander's death in Babylon in 323 BC, a succession crisis erupted among his generals.

In Babylon, he designed the funerary monument to Alexander's general Hephaestion ( died in 324 BC ), which was described by Diodorus Siculus, Arrian, Strabo, Plutarch and others.

Ptolemy invaded Syria ( and defeated Antigonus ' son, Demetrius Poliorcetes, in the Battle of Gaza, 312 BC ) and Seleucus secured control of Babylon, and thus, of the eastern reaches of Alexander's empire.

After the return to Babylon, Polyperchon was sent back to Macedon with Craterus, but had only reached Cilicia by the time of Alexander's death in 323 BC.

* In Babylon 5, Lyta Alexander's memories reveal that the Vorlons have been using artificial wombs to grow foetuses of several species, including Humans, Drazi and Centauri, as a way of introducing the gene for telepathy into those species.

Following Alexander's death in Babylon in 323 BC, a succession crisis erupted among his generals.

In Alexander's last illness, 323 BC, he was one of the seven chief officers who passed the night in the temple of Serapis at Babylon, in order to learn from the god whether Alexander should be carried into the temple.