However, some prominent economists have expressed sympathy with a hard-currency basis, and have argued against politically-controlled fiat money, including former U. S. Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan ( himself a former Objectivist ), and macro-economist Robert Barro.

In 1974, Robert J. Barro provided some theoretical foundation for Ricardo's hesitant speculation

Barro himself found some confirmation in post WW I years.

In modern times artificial islands are usually formed by land reclamation, but some are formed by the incidental isolation of an existing piece of land during canal construction ( e. g. Donauinsel and Dithmarschen ), or flooding of valleys resulting in the tops of former knolls getting isolated by water ( e. g. Barro Colorado Island ).

Barro and McCleary's model has been influential in subsequent scholarship and, to some observers, it supports the belief that Christianity has played a major role in South Korea's economic success.

Supply-side economists have less to say on the effects of deficits, and sometimes cite Robert Barro ’ s work that states that rational economic actors will buy bonds in sufficient quantities to reduce long term interest rates.

The 20th Annual Hayek Lecture, to be delivered on July 5, 2011, will be given by Robert Barro of Harvard University.

There has always been a public fascination with large trees, especially the largest specimens of trees that reach a mature height of greater than 40 or 50 feet ( i. e., Champion Trees ) ( Barro et al.

They eat an number of kinds of fruit but focus mostly on figs ; at Barro Colorado Island, Panama, figs make up more than 78 % of the fruits eaten.

Novelist Vicente Blasco Ibáñez described the Valencian custom of eating water voles in Cañas y Barro ( 1902 ), a realistic novel about life among the fishermen and peasants near lake Albufera.

Population densities on Barro Colorado Island in Panama range between 3. 6 and 5. 7 monkeys per square kilometer, but in other areas the population density can be as much as 20 to 30 monkeys per square kilometer.

Robert Barro argued that due to Ricardian Equivalence in the presence of an operative bequest motive the public is not fooled into thinking they are richer when the government issues bonds to them, because government bond coupons must be paid from increased taxation.

Barro Colorado is open for public day visits, but advance reservations must be made.

Part of their area is under risk to be flooded by hydroelectricity project Barro Blanco.

World famous Barro Colorado Island, which was established for scientific study when the lake was formed and is today operated by the Smithsonian Institution, is the largest island on Gatun Lake.

Hundreds of scientists conduct research projects on Barro Colorado Island every year.

In 1978, Thomas Croat published his Flora of Barro Colorado Island documenting the plant species on the island.

Two studies in Costa Rica and on Barro Colorado Island ( BCI ), Panama, found that there are approximately four bullet ant nests per hectare of forest.

Another study, on Barro Colorado Island, showed 60 % fruit, 30 % insects and 10 % green plant parts, including large amounts of Elephant Ear Tree ( Enterolobium cyclocarpum ) sap.

World famous Barro Colorado Island, which was established for scientific study when the lake was formed and is today operated by the Smithsonian Institution, is the largest island on Gatun Lake.

Research conducted at the rainforest research station on Barro Colorado Island has yielded a large number of publications concerning the ecological changes following the formation of islands, such as the local extinction of large predators and the subsequent changes in prey populations.

This did not last long, per law established on the 24 June 1848, the old parish was re-established, but losing the locality of Achada do Barro ( which became part of Santo da Serra ) and gaining Torre and Ventrecha ( which belonged to the parish of Santa Cruz ).

World famous Barro Colorado Island, which was established for scientific study when the lake was formed and is today operated by the Smithsonian Institution, is the largest island on Gatun Lake.

What began in 1923 as a small field station on Barro Colorado Island in the Panama Canal Zone has developed into one of the world's leading research institutions.

328 pp. A popular-science book by Elizabeth Royte which describes the researchers ' life on Barro Colorado Island.

The project was commenced in 1905 under the administration of President Rafael Reyes but suspended on February 10, 1906 because of an attack by the Barro Colorado.

World famous Barro Colorado Island, which was reserved for scientific study when the lake was formed and is today operated by the Smithsonian Institution, is the largest island on Gatun Lake.

A 2003 study by economists Robert J. Barro and Rachel McCleary suggests that societies with high levels of belief in heaven and high levels of church attendance exhibit high rates of economic growth.

Others, like Robert Barro and Gary Becker, say that the empirical evidence for beneficial effects from Keynesian stimulus does not exist.

In particular, he criticized Barro for:

Robert J. Barro estimated that government spending has a short-term multiplier of around 0. 4-0. 6, meaning for every $ 1. 00 of government spending, overall GDP increases by $ 0. 40 -$ 0. 60 GDP.

Because the Island's diverse ecosystem has been very little altered by humans, Barro Colorado has been studied for over eighty years within a great variety of biological disciplines.

Barro has played 23 matches for Burkina Faso in total.

With an unparalleled store of background information reflecting 80 years of increasingly intense research in a protected setting, as well as accommodations and modern laboratories, Barro Colorado Island has become a major center for tropical research.

His publications include Los nenúfares de piedra, stories, ( Ángel Acosta First Prize for Narrative, 1981 ); La cadena de agua y otros cuentos ( 1984 ); El camarote de la memoria ( Ángel Guerra Prize for Novel, 1986 ), edited by Cathedral Editorial ( Madrid, 1987 ) and reedited in the collection Anthology of Canary Literature ; La rotura indemne and La red, first prize for unanimity from the Competition of Canary Stories ( 1986 ); La mirada de plata, stories, 1991 ; Proa en nieblas, stories, Ediciones Baile del Sol, 2001 ( Tenerife ); Breves atajos, stories and short stories, Ediciones Baile del Sol, 2001 ( Tenerife ), and Línea de naufragio ( First Prize for unanimity from the VIII Competition Ateneo de La Laguna-CajaCanarias, 2002 ), published by Ediciones El Toro de Barro, Madrid / Cuenca, 2003.

In 1989, Barro offered a number of defenses against various other critiques.

In 2009, Paul Krugman ignited a debate among notable blogging economists and financial journalists when he grouped Barro with " first-rate economists keep making truly boneheaded arguments against Keynesian stimulus ".

Initially administered by the Panama Canal Company under the direction of James Zetek, since 1946 Barro Colorado Island has been administered by the Smithsonian, together with five adjacent peninsulas, as the Barro Colorado Nature Monument ( BCNM ).

On Barro Colorado Island, Panama, where they have been studied in greatest detail, they supplement this diet with copious amounts of fruit as it becomes available seasonally from favored trees such as figs ( Ficus insipida ) and hog plums ( Spondias mombin ).

But, Santo da Serra was eventually restored by regal charter in 1848, taking with it the locality of Achada do Barro, and making it an autonomous parish of Machico.

He is the author of the economic growth textbook Apuntes de Crecimiento Economico ( in Spanish ) and the co-author ( with Robert Barro ) of the textbook Economic Growth ( original in English ; translated into French, German, Spanish, Chinese, and Japanese ).

The Barro Colorado Nature Monument includes the 16 km² Barro Colorado Island, which is covered with tropical forest and boasts a nearly intact mammal fauna.