His work in reforming criminal law began with his Thoughts on Executive Justice ( 1786 ), which developed the views of Beccaria.

In 1764 Beccaria published a brief but justly celebrated treatise On Crimes and Punishments, which marked the high point of the Milan Enlightenment.

The philosopher Cesare Beccaria explicitly cited Damiens ' fate when he condemned torture and the death penalty in his classic treatise On Crimes and Punishments ( 1764 ).

During this time, Beccaria, with the brothers Pietro and Alessandro Verri and a number of other young men from the Milan aristocracy formed a literary society, which was named " L ' Accademia dei pugni " ( the Academy of Fists ), a playful name that made fun of the stuffy academies that proliferated in Italy and also because relaxed conversations that were taking place in there sometimed ending in affrays.

The principles to which Beccaria appealed were Reason, an understanding of the state as a form of contract, and, above all, the principle of utility, or of the greatest happiness for the greatest number.

Modern theories of the punishment and rehabilitation of offenders are broadly based on principles articulated in the seminal pamphlet " On Crimes and Punishments " published by Cesare, Marquis of Beccaria in 1764.

It has been claimed that Paley was not a very original thinker and that the philosophical part of his treatise on ethics is “ an assemblage of ideas developed by others and is presented to be learned by students rather than debated by colleagues .” Nevertheless, his book The Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy ( 1785 ) was a required text at Cambridge and Smith says that Paley ’ s writings were “ once as well known in American colleges as were the readers and spellers of William McGuffey and Noah Webster in the elementary schools .” Although now largely missing from the philosophical canon, Schneewind writes that " utilitarianism first became widely known in England through the work of William Paley.

However, Pascal developed many uses of it and was the first one to organize all the information together in his treatise, Traité du triangle arithmétique ( 1653 ).

The notion of the " ennobling power " of love was developed in the early 11th century by the Persian psychologist and philosopher, Ibn Sina ( known as " Avicenna " in Europe ), in his treatise Risala fi ' l-Ishq ( Treatise on Love ).

His vast and varied interests were by this time fully developed, and during a vacation in 1789, he made a scientific excursion up the Rhine and produced the treatise Mineralogische Beobachtungen über einige Basalte am Rhein ( Brunswick, 1790 ) ( Mineralogic Observations on Several Basalts on the River Rhine ).

Severus Sebokht refers in the introduction of his treatise to the astrolabe as being made of brass, indicating that metal astrolabes were known in the Christian East well before they were developed in the Islamic world or the Latin West.

Roebling developed an interest in natural philosophy and many years later he worked on a 1000 page treatise about his own concepts of the universe.

As in Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Emile ( 1762 ) treatise on education ( or the " art of training men "), the Aufklärung conceived the human species as perfectible: human nature could be infinitely developed through a well-thought pedagogy.

A year after the production of this treatise, Oken developed his system one stage further, and in a volume published in 1806, written with the assistance of Dietrich Georg von Kieser ( 1779 – 1862 ), entitled Beiträge zur vergleichenden Zoologie, Anatomie, und Physiologie, he demonstrated that the intestines originate from the umbilical vesicle, and that this corresponds to the vitelius or yolk-bag.

But he developed a theory of his own as to the Resurrection ( see Eutychianism ) on account of which Conon and Eugenius wrote a treatise against him in collaboration with Themistus, the founder of the Agnoctae, in which they declared his views to be altogether unchristian.

The common law of England has relied on precedent more than statute and codifications and has been far less amenable than the civil law, developed from the Roman law, to the needs of a treatise.

The more famous monastic treatise of the 7th century, Saint Benedict of Nursia's Rule, fails to mention the labor of transcription by name, though his institution, the monastery of Montecassino, developed one of the most influential scriptoria, at its acme in the 11th century, which made the abbey " the greatest center of book production in South Italy in the High Middle Ages ".

This was due to the dominance of the geocentric model developed by Ptolemy ( c. 83-161 AD ), a Hellenized astronomer from Roman Egypt, in his Almagest treatise.

His first publication, a treatise on the origins of government published in 1752, began as notes developed at Cambridge.

Building on the classic method of exhaustion, Cavalieri developed a geometrical approach to calculus and published a treatise on the topic, Geometria indivisibilibus continuorum nova quadam ratione promota ( Geometry, developed by a new method through the indivisibles of the continua, 1635 ).

The notion of the " ennobling power " of love was developed in the early 11th century by the Persian psychologist and philosopher, Ibn Sina ( known as " Avicenna " in Europe ), in his Arabic treatise Risala fi ' l-Ishq ( Treatise on Love ).

Flood geology was developed as a creationist endeavor in the 20th century by George McCready Price, a Seventh-day Adventist and amateur geologist who wrote a treatise in 1923 to provide a Seventh-day Adventist perspective on geology.

The Ijangui, or Doctrine of the Two Hindrances, is an in-depth treatise concerning the various theories developed on the doctrine of the two hindrances of the Yogācāra school of Buddhism, by the Korean scholar-monk Wonhyo.

So great was the outcry caused by its publication that La Mettrie was forced to quit his position with the French Guards, taking refuge in Leiden, where he developed his doctrines still more boldly and completely in L ' Homme machine a hastily-written treatise based upon consistently materialistic and quasi-atheistic principles.

The notion of the " ennobling power " of love was developed in the early 11th century by the Persian psychologist and philosopher, Ibn Sina ( known as " Avicenna " in English ), in his Arabic treatise Risala fi ' l-Ishq ( Treatise on Love ).

The Modist philosophy was first developed by Martin of Dacia ( died 1304 ) and his colleagues in the mid-13th century, though it would rise to prominence only after its systematization by Thomas of Erfurt decades later, in his treatise De modis significandi seu grammatica speculativa, probably written in the first decade of the 14th century.

Byzantine and Arab inventors developed, among other pieces, an automatic hydraulic organ ( described by the Banu Musa in their 9th-century treatise Book of Ingenious Devices ), a ' musical tree ' at the palace of Khalif al-Muqtadir ( ruled 908 – 32 ), and a long-distance hydraulic organ that could be heard from sixty miles away ( described in the Arabic Sirr al-asrar and later translated into Latin by Roger Bacon ).

As social unrest developed and cities began to riot, Biedermann became more and more convinced “ the social peace depended on social justice for the working class .” His treatise on the Social Question stated that much of the burden placed on the working class could be lessened if the government used proper management and policies of social welfare.

The whole program must be conceived of as an effort, stretching over a considerable number of years, to alter the basic social and economic conditions in the less developed world.

As the result of an exhaustive review of the recommendations contained in this report, plus an analysis of our own enabling act, the Planning Division developed a number of basic planning objectives which caused a reorientation of its work program.

Since practical washing procedures are both lengthy and expensive, a number of laboratory tests have been developed for the numerical evaluation of detergents.

Because individual classes of foods differ in their requirements for preservation, a number of methods have been developed over the years involving one or a combination of procedures such as dehydration, fermentation, salting, chemical treatment, canning, refrigeration, and freezing.

Henry Moseley developed the concept of atomic number.

Since then groups that are not affiliated to the Santo Daime have used ayahuasca, and a number of different ' styles ' have been developed, such as the non-religious approach developed by Daniel Waterman in 2001, popularly termed Ayahuasca Open Style ( AOS ).

Three works Team Cars with 16-valve twin cam engines were built for racing and record breaking: chassis number 1914, later developed as the Green Pea ; chassis number 1915, the Razor Blade record car ; and chassis number 1916, later developed as the Halford Special.

The 1974 Protocol reduced the number of sites to one per party, largely because neither country had developed a second site.

The data is often found to contain considerable variability, or noise, and thus Hidden Markov model and change-point analysis methods are being developed to infer real copy number changes.

Built before strict federal Interstate Highway standards were developed during the Dwight D. Eisenhower administration, the expressway was plagued by tight turns, an excessive number of entrances and exits, entrance ramps without merge lanes, and continually escalating vehicular loads.

The limitations of such sets soon became apparent, and a number of ad hoc methods were developed to extend them.

Early cities developed in a number of regions of the ancient world.

This system later gradually developed into a system with a royal judge nominating a number of the most esteemed men of the parish as his board, fulfilling the function of " the people " of yore.

Because it consists of the views developed by a number of scientists and philosophers during the second quarter of the 20th Century, there is no definitive statement of the Copenhagen interpretation.

Gauss also made important contributions to number theory with his 1801 book Disquisitiones Arithmeticae ( Latin, Arithmetical Investigations ), which, among things, introduced the symbol ≡ for congruence and used it in a clean presentation of modular arithmetic, contained the first two proofs of the law of quadratic reciprocity, developed the theories of binary and ternary quadratic forms, stated the class number problem for them, and showed that a regular heptadecagon ( 17-sided polygon ) can be constructed with straightedge and compass.

Aside from these core elements, a civilization is often marked by any combination of a number of secondary elements, including a developed transportation system, writing, standardized measurement, currency, contractual and tort-based legal systems, characteristic art and architecture, mathematics, enhanced scientific understanding, metallurgy, political structures, and organized religion.

Due to the large number of calculations, a work in progress is usually only rendered in detail appropriate to the portion of the work being developed at a given time, so in the initial stages of modeling, wireframe and ray casting may be used, even where the target output is ray tracing with radiosity.

The central concept of utilitarianism, which was developed by Jeremy Bentham, was that that public policy should seek to provide " the greatest happiness of the greatest number ".