Before 1938, the federal courts, like almost all other common law courts, decided the law on any issue where the relevant legislature ( either the U. S. Congress or state legislature, depending on the issue ), had not acted, by looking to courts in the same system, that is, other federal courts, even on issues of state law, and even where there was no express grant of authority from Congress or the Constitution.

Before the Congress opened on 13 June, negotiations between Andrássy and the British Foreign Secretary Marquess of Salisbury had already " ended on 6 June by Britain agreeing to all the Austrian proposals relative to Bosnia-Herzegovina about to come before the congress while Austria would support British demands.

Before Corea completed a draft of the Nicaragua proposal, Congress was considering the Spooner Act, to authorize the Panama Canal.

Before 1972, Zambia had three significant political parties — UNIP, the Northern Rhodesian African National Congress, and the United Progressive Party ( UPP ).

Before the Nuclear Regulatory Commission ( NRC ) was created, nuclear regulation was the responsibility of the AEC, which Congress first established in the Atomic Energy Act of 1946.

Before the RTAA, if Congress wanted to establish a lower tariff for particular imports, it would act unilaterally, taking the foreign country ’ s tariff rate as fixed.

Before statehood he represented Virginia in the Continental Congress ( 1777 – 78 ) and the U. S. Congress ( 1789 – 91 ).

Before the Communications Act of 1934 was enacted as law by the U. S. Congress, there was a debate over commercial versus non-commercial broadcasting: Senators Robert Wagner of New York and Henry Hatfield of West Virginia offered an amendment to the then proposed Communications Act.

Before he transferred power to a younger generation of leaders, Jiang had his theory of Three Represents written into the Party's constitution, alongside Marxism – Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, and Deng Xiaoping Theory at the 16th CPC Congress in 2002.

Before Juárez fled, Congress granted him an emergency extension of his presidency, which would go into effect in 1865, when his term expired, and last until 1867, when the last of Maximilian's forces were defeated.

Before being disfranchised by the Democrats ' passage in 1899 of a new state constitution that included discriminatory provisions, black citizens elected four African Americans to the US Congress from North Carolina's 2nd congressional district in the last quarter of the nineteenth century.

Before the opening of the 14th National Congress of the CPC in 1992, the Party's senior leaders, including Deng and Chen Yun, were to select candidates for the Politburo Standing Committee to ensure a smooth transition of power from the so-called second-generation leaders ( Deng, Chen, Li Xiannian, Wang Zhen, etc.

The Plight of the Montagnards: Hearing Before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Relations, Original from the Library of Congress.

Before the enactment of the current statute previous Acts of Congress ( the Presidential Succession Acts of 1792 and 1886 ) dealt with the hypothesis of there being neither a President nor a Vice President able to discharge the powers of the presidency.

Before a joint session of Congress on March 12, 1947, President Harry S. Truman stated, “ I believe it must be the policy of the United States to support the people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures .” That summer, Secretary of State George C. Marshall proposed a plan for the economic reconstruction of Europe that would further entrench the division.

Before becoming General Secretary he had been voted Gorbachev's Deputy General Secretary within the Party on 12 July 1990, a newly created position as a result of the 28th Congress of the Communist Party

Before he could act on it, he was dismissed from the Cabinet and, in response, resigned his memberships in the Congress Party and the Lok Sabha.

* Statement of Information, Hearings Before the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, Ninety-Third Congress, Second Session, Pursuant to H. Res.

Before joining Congress, Sherman was on staff at one of the nations ’ big-four CPA firms.

Before serving in Congress, Obey worked as a real estate broker.

Before his election to Congress, he served six years in the California State Assembly.

Before the opening of the 111th Congress, Emanuel accepted a position as White House Chief of Staff in the Obama Administration.

Before a standard is enacted, consultations with the IASB are made to ensure consistency of core principles.

Before a law is enacted, the French President, speaker of either house of Parliament, or, more commonly, 60 parliamentarians from the same house may petition the Council for review.

Before his retirement from the Department of Homeland Security, Loy enacted a series of requirements for Merchant Mariners which were supposedly created to " streamline " the transportation worker's identification process.

Before a bill can be enacted, it must be referred by the president of the council to an appropriate standing committee, considered at a public hearing and public meeting, reported out by the committee, printed as reported by the committee, distributed to the members of the council, and made available to the public.

Before the new constitution was enacted, President Boris Yeltsin had dissolved the Congress of People's Deputies and Supreme Soviet of Russia during the Russian constitutional crisis of 1993, although he did not have the formal constitutional powers to do so.

Before Washington enacted its guidelines scheme, there was remarkable disparity among sentences meted out for similar offenses.

Before the ACPA was enacted, trademark owners relied heavily on the Federal Trademark Dilution Act ( FTDA ) to sue domain name registrants.

Before this policy could be enacted, John Jay Hyde, a member of Delta Phi, argued the benefits of the fraternity system so convincingly that Nott relented and permitted the organizations to remain in existence.

Before it came into effect on 1 November, an important amendment to the Constitution was also enacted ; this amendment ( the Seventh ) was timed to come into force on the same day.

Before 1838, only the Spanish Constitution of 1812 was briefly enacted in Florida.

Before this law was enacted, the holiday was known as " Citizenship Day ".

Before the 1983 season, the Astros traded Danny Heep to the Mets for pitcher Mike Scott, a 28-year-old who had struggled with New York.

Valhalla is referenced in the video game titles Valhalla ( 1983 ), Valhalla: Before the War ( 1995 ), Valkyrie Profile ( 2000 ), Max Payne ( 2001 ), Valhalla Knights ( 2006 ), Final Fantasy XI ( 2002 ), Halo 3 ( 2007 ), The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim ( 2011 ), and Final Fantasy XIII-2 ( 2011 ).

Before the revision of 1983 these were combined in a separate Chapter 10 ; the articles as such remained largely unchanged in 1983, but were finally fully revised in 2000.

City Council District, Before Vistancia AnnexingIn November 1983, Peoria citizens voted to require the direct election of the mayor and in 1989, established a city council district system that separated the city into six geographical districts, each of which elects one member of the city council.

In 1983, the band mounted an ambitious stage show in support of Kilroy featuring theatrical presentations of three songs utilizing instrumental backing tracks, including " Mr. Roboto ", which featured DeYoung singing live while disguised as a Roboto, " Heavy Metal Poisoning " with James Young as the evangelist Dr. Righteous singing while the Panozzo brothers acted as his henchmen on stage, and " Haven't We Been Here Before " with Tommy Shaw as Jonathan Chance and DeYoung ( as Kilroy in Roboto costume ) duetting.

Other lesser-known films during the genre's heyday include He Knows You're Alone ( 1980 ), Just Before Dawn, Bloody Moon and Nightmare ( all 1981 ), Blood Song ( 1982 ) and Mortuary ( 1983 ).

Before the end of 1983, Phil Lynott formed a new band called Grand Slam, but they were never able to secure a contract with a record company and split by the beginning of 1985.

Before entering state politics, Gallop worked as a tutor and lecturer at both Murdoch University and The University of Western Australia, and was a City Councillor at Fremantle from 1983 to 1986.

Before 1983, the Dome had been nicknamed " the Sweat Box.

Before the 1983 election, DART had a plan for of rail.

Before 1983 the town gave its name to the Belper constituency, which from 1945 to 1970 was the seat of George Brown, the deputy leader of the Labour Party.

Before becoming president, he was a mayor ( Slovak: primátor ) of Košice in 1983 – 1986 and 1994 – 1999 respectively.

Before the Volkswagen Rabbit, the North American version of the Golf, was introduced in GTI form in September 1982 with, American manufacturers already offered sporting versions of their own hatchbacks including the 1981 1 / 2 Dodge Charger 2. 2 with and in the 1983 Shelby Charger, and the 1980 Chevrolet Citation X-11 originally with.

Before 1983, the town was within the boundaries of the UK Parliamentary constituency of Eton and Slough.

The Galactic Barrier depicted in " Where No Man Has Gone Before " was later explained in the novel The Wounded Sky by Diane Duane published in 1983.

Before STS-32, the only mission of the same duration had been STS-9 in 1983.

Before 1983 it was known as Municipal Light ( or " Muny Light " for short ).

Before 1983, interdicts were either personal, if applied directly to persons, wherever they were, or local, if applied directly to a locality and only indirectly to the people in that place whether permanently or only on a visit.

Before 1983, the town had its own Member of Parliament.

Before 1983, the championship was for men's skiing.

Before Jim Jensen published his discovery in 1985, another paleontologist, Kim Haang Mook, used the name Ultrasaurus in a 1983 publication to describe what he believed was a giant dinosaur in South Korea.

Before the creation of the East Hampshire constituency in 1983, the town had been represented through the Petersfield constituency.

Before the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen merged with the northern Yemen Arab Republic, Al-Eryani held posts as Minister of Development ( 1974 – 1976 ), Minister of Education ( 1976 – 1978 ), Prime Minister ( 1980 – 1983 ), and Minister of Foreign Affairs ( 1984 – 1990 ) in the northern YAR.