Before 2005, the University applied the French education model of granting academic degrees, with some minor differences: demi-licence ( two years ), trois-quarts de licence ( three years ), licence ( four years ), diplôme d ' études approfondies and diplôme d ' études superieures spécialisées ( DEA / DESS ) ( 1 – 2 years ), and doctorate ( 3 – 5 years ).

Before granting the assent, a relevant minister explains the general aim of the bill brought before the council.

Before the railway opened, a further bill received assent, granting permission to continue the line south to Clapham Common.

Before the granting of responsible government and the emergence of the position of Premier, the Provincial Secretary was the leading position in the executive councils appointed by the various governors and lieutenant-governors of British North America.

Before the General Assembly could act on his recommendations, Blackburn began granting pardons to relieve prison overcrowding.

Before he could pull out his second eye with the arrow, Lord Shiva appeared and restored his eye while granting him a boon to occupy a place close to him.

Before this, CNPq was the only research granting institution at federal level, working directly under the Presidency of Republic.

Before U-27 came round Nicosians bow, Baralong hauled down the American flag, hoisted the Royal Navy's White Ensign, and unmasked her guns.

Before the end of HST, the examination of Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons ( FRCS ) must be taken in general surgery plus the subspeciality.

Before 2006 democracy movement in Nepal forced King to restore democracy in 2006, Article 119 of the 1990 constitution stated that the His Majesty the King is the Supreme Commander of the Royal Nepal Army.

Before Sierra Leone gained independence in 1961, the military was known as the Royal Sierra Leone Military Force.

Before his war service with the Royal Air Force, he starred as Professor Higgins in a YMCA production of Pygmalion.

Before receiving the Holy Royal Arch Degree the Candidate must first have the Mark Degree and the Excellent Masters Degree.

Before the marching commences, the members of the Royal Family and public sing the national anthem before the Royal Delegation lead out after the main service.

Before the US entry into the war, anti-submarine air patrols were flown on an ad-hoc basis by the Walrus flying boats of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm, operating from its own base on Boaz Island.

Before 1772, when he obtained a travelling studentship given by the Royal Academy and proceeded to Rome, he had already exhibited several fine works.

Before 1994 Royal Assent was granted by Order in Council, as for a Bill, but the power to grant Royal Assent to Measures has now been delegated to the Lieutenant Governor.

Before 1932, Phleng Sansoen Phra Barami ( the Royal Anthem ) was used as the national anthem of Siam.

Before World War II ships were collected into divisions derived from the Royal Navy's " division " of the line of battle in which one squadron usually remained under the direct command of the Admiral of the Fleet, one squadron was commanded by a Vice Admiral, and one by a Rear Admiral, each of the three squadrons flying different coloured flags, hence the terms flagship and flag officer.

Note: Before unification in 1968 of the Royal Canadian Air Force, Canadian Army, and the Royal Canadian Navy, rank structure and insignia followed the British pattern.

Before he left Baghdad, Gaylani contacted Mulla Effendi and informed him that he had chosen his house as a safe haven for the Royal family to stay until the conflict ended.

Before resigning, Rutherford's government had called a Royal Commission into the Alberta and Great Waterways affair, and this commission had not reported by the time that Sifton took office.

Before getting married Tyndall had been living for many years in an upstairs apartment at the Royal Institution and continued living there after marriage until 1885 when a move was made to a house near Haslemere 45 miles southwest of London.

Before the Second World War, Royal Engineers recruits were required to be at least 5 feet 4 inches tall ( 5 feet 2 inches for the Mounted Branch ).

Before European settlement, Native Americans of the Ute people wintered in Royal Gorge for its protection from wind and relatively mild climate.

Before the grand opening, the Royal Opera House presented one of the Robert Mayer Children's concerts on Saturday, 9 February 1946.

Before the church was built a mass took place each Sunday at the Grangetown Royal British Legion Social Club.

Before this, Canadian intelligence had been under the jurisdiction of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police Security Service.

Before he could take his Cambridge degree he volunteered for service in the Royal Field Artillery during the First World War.

Before the reign of Henry VIII, the Sovereign always granted his or her Assent in person.

Before then, the permanent members of the Committee were joined by four Law Lords named by the Senior Lord of Appeal in Ordinary.

Before then, the last Secretary of State for a major department drawn from the Lords was Lord Young of Graffham, serving between 1985 and 1989 as Secretary of State for Employment until 1987 and Secretary of State for Trade and Industry until 1989.

Before 1801, Irish peers were those who had the right to sit in the Irish House of Lords, but after the Union in 1801, they elected just twenty-eight representative peers to the House of Lords at Westminster.

Before the Act of Union of 1800, which united the Kingdom of Ireland with the Kingdom of Great Britain to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, there was also a Black Rod in the Irish House of Lords.

Before the passing of the Peerage Act 1963, which granted all Scottish peers a seat in the House of Lords, the Marquesses of Huntly sat in the House of Lords in virtue of their junior title of Baron Meldrum, which was in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.

Before the passage of the House of Lords Act 1999, the Marquess sat in the House of Lords as Baron Kenlis in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.

Before 1801, the few Irish peers that existed had their own House of Lords in Ireland.

Before his elevation to the Lords, Archer was the Member of Parliament for Rowley Regis and Tipton and for Warley West, being first elected in the 1966 general election ; he represented the later seat from February 1974 after boundary changes.

Before that a member of the House of Lords sometimes took on the role, although often there was no overall Leader of the Opposition.

Before the recent reform of the House of Lords, all peers were ( potentially ) members of the House of Lords, and all were Lords Temporal in this sense.

Before each day's sitting of the House of Lords, the Lord Speaker forms part of a procession that marches from the Lord Speaker's residence to the Lords Chamber.

Before returning to the Court of Appeal as Master of the Rolls, Denning, for a time, was a member of the judicial committee of the House of Lords, taking the title Baron Denning of Whitchurch.

The Works of the Late Dr. Benjamin Franklin Consisting of His Life, Written by Himself: Together with Essays, Humorous, Moral and Literary, Chiefly in the Manner of the Spectator: to Which Is Added, Not in Any Other Edition, an Examination Before the British House of Lords Respecting the Stamp Act.

Before the battle of Flodden, Sir Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey, was at this village, on Monday, 5 September, 1513 ; where all the noblemen and gentlemen met him with their retinues, to the number of 26, 000 men, among whom were Lords Clifford, Coniers, Ogle, Scroope, and Lumley, Sir William Percy, Lionel Percy, Sir George Darcy, Sir William Bulmer, of Brancepeth Castle, in the county of Durham, and Richard Tempest.