The court found that " Professor Behe's claim for irreducible complexity has been refuted in peer-reviewed research papers and has been rejected by the scientific community at large.

Michael Behe's controversial book Darwin's Black Box popularized the concept of irreducible complexity.

Niall Shanks and Karl H. Joplin, both of East Tennessee State University, have shown that systems satisfying Behe's characterization of irreducible biochemical complexity can arise naturally and spontaneously as the result of self-organizing chemical processes.

Behe's claims about the irreducible complexity of essential cellular structures have been rejected by the vast majority of the scientific community, and his own biology department at Lehigh University published an official statement opposing Behe's views and intelligent design.

Michael Behe's concept of irreducible complexity has natural selection accounting for most of evolution but the intelligent designer contributing the design of some proteins.

In his 2008 book Only A Theory, biologist Kenneth R. Miller challenges Behe's claim that the mousetrap is irreducibly complex.

Behe's claim that the creation of an original first cell represents a " gap " in the laws of nature needing divine intervention appears to be the problematic God of the gaps position which is subject to the gaps being filled by scientific discoveries.

" Critics like Jason Rosenhouse, a mathematics professor at James Madison University claim Dembski's book contributes nothing to the discussion of evolution and intelligent design since Dembski's assertions ride on Behe's claim, and that claim is false.

Behe's claim that no scientific literature adequately modeled the origins of biochemical systems through evolutionary mechanisms has been challenged by TalkOrigins.

Darwin's Black Box was not well received by the scientific community, which rejected Behe's premises and arguments.

Kenneth Miller described Behe's argument as an updated version of the argument from design with reference to biochemistry ( which was echoed by other reviewers ), and also cites areas in biochemistry and the fossil record which demonstrate currently irreducibly complex systems evolving.

H. Allen Orr has called Behe's argument in the book "... just plain wrong ", arguing that gradual adaptation could produce irreducibly complex systems.

Four of the book's five reviewers ( Michael Atchison, Robert Shapiro, K. John Morrow, and Russell Doolittle ) have made statements that contradict or otherwise do not support Behe's claim of the book passing a rigorous peer review.

Evolutionary biologists have demonstrated how such systems could have evolved, and describe Behe's claim as an argument from incredulity.

Behe's original examples of irreducibly complex mechanisms included the bacterial flagellum of E. coli, the blood clotting cascade, cilia, and the adaptive immune system.

In the Dover trial an expert witness for the plaintiffs, Ken Miller, demonstrated this possibility using Behe's mousetrap analogy.

Miller also describes Behe's theory as unfalsifiable, arguing that it arbitrarily ignores evidence that shows the evolution of a biochemical system.

In a review of Behe's paper ' Design vs. Randomness in Evolution: Where Do the Data Point?

The second part of Kuratowski's thesis was devoted to continua irreducible between two points.

Structured programming, canonical structures: Per the Church-Turing thesis any algorithm can be computed by a model known to be Turing complete, and per Minsky's demonstrations Turing completeness requires only four instruction types — conditional GOTO, unconditional GOTO, assignment, HALT.

* Valentin Gomez-Jauregui's thesis A thesis ( in English ) showing tensegrity structures and their application to architecture, with images, references and explanations about tensegrity.

Students actively engage in preparing the SCI-Arc Gallery exhibitions, help fellow graduating students in setting up their models for thesis presentations, and contribute to workshops that result in projects throughout the school, such as the graduation pavilion and other unique structures.

Goldman has investigated geometric structures, in various incarnations, on manifolds since his undergraduate thesis, " Affine manifolds and projective geometry on manifolds " ( supervised by William Thurston and Dennis Sullivan ).

To prove this thesis of seasonal habitation, criteria such as architectural units, locations of trail systems, occurrence of ceremonial structures, prevalence of burials, and position of natural and cultural strata.

* In 1936, in his doctoral thesis in chemistry, presented at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, he first studied genetic material inside a cell with an ultraviolet microscope to determine the nucleic acid content of cellular structures such as the nucleus and nucleolus using the Feulgen reaction to stain the DNA.

Sprinkel strongly refuted the current neo-stagnationist thesis that we are facing a future of limited and slow growth, declaring that this pessimism `` is based on very limited and questionable evidence ''.

In computability theory, the Church – Turing thesis ( also known as the Turing-Church thesis, the Church – Turing conjecture, Church's thesis, Church's conjecture, and Turing's thesis ) is a combined hypothesis (" thesis ") about the nature of functions whose values are effectively calculable ; or, in more modern terms, functions whose values are algorithmically computable.

Turing's " definitions " given in a footnote in his 1939 Ph. D. thesis Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals, supervised by Church, are virtually the same:

:" This heuristic fact recursive functions are effectively calculable ... led Church to state the following thesis (< sup > 22 </ sup >).

Moreover, according to this thesis, a major motivational factor for Gorbachev was his realization that the Soviet Union could not compete economically with the USA However, if economic premises are taken into account, it is not clear why the Soviet leaders did not adopt the Chinese option — economic liberalization with preservation of political system.

Students are required to complete coursework in a number of core areas of law, as well as to submit a thesis which is to be " an original work on the approved subject or other contribution to the knowledge showing that he / she has carried out sufficient research therein ".

On a cognitive construal, externalism is the thesis that what concepts ( or contents ) are available to a thinker is determined by their environment, or their relation to their environment.

" Geniuses are made, not born ", was László's thesis.

" But Maloy adds that " The totalitarian thesis in Rousseau studies has, by now, been discredited as an attribution of real historical influence .” Arthur Melzer, however, while conceding that Rousseau would not have approved of modern nationalism, observes that his theories do contain the " seeds of nationalism ", insofar as they set forth the " politics of identification ", which are rooted in sympathetic emotion.

Even though most mathematicians do not accept the constructivist's thesis, that only mathematics done based on constructive methods is sound, constructive methods are increasingly of interest on non-ideological grounds.

The thesis of type physicalism consists in the idea that mental event types ( e. g., pain in all individual organisms of all species at all times ) are, at least contingently, identical with specific event types in the brain ( e. g., C-fibre firings in all individual organisms of all species and at all times ).

Unschooling differs from conventional schooling principally in the thesis that standard curricula and conventional grading methods, as well as other features of traditional schooling, are counterproductive to the goal of maximizing the education of each child.

It is also sometimes held that when a semantic dispute arises, the focus of the debate should switch from the original thesis to the meaning of the terms of which there are different definitions ( understandings, concepts, etc.

Some scholars say science and religion are separate, as in John William Draper's conflict thesis and Stephen Jay Gould's non-overlapping magisteria, while others ( John Lennox, Thomas Berry, Brian Swimme, Ken Wilber, et al.

In addition, from at least the time of Hilbert's program at the turn of the twentieth century to the proof of Gödel's incompleteness theorems and the development of the Church-Turing thesis in the early part of that century, true statements in mathematics were generally assumed to be those statements which are provable in a formal axiomatic system.

Aside from a Turing machine, other equivalent ( See: Church – Turing thesis ) models of computation are in use.