Several explanations have been suggested by biologists including W. D. Hamilton, Alexey Kondrashov, George C. Williams, Harris Bernstein, Carol Bernstein, Michael M. Cox, Frederic A. Hopf and Richard E. Michod to explain how sexual reproduction is maintained in a vast array of different living organisms.

In the early 20th century, Benjamin A. Gramm and his close friend Max Bernstein formed the Gramm-Bernstein Company, which became a pioneer in the motor truck industry.

Bernstein wanted to make Granada Television appear a close rival to the BBC and exaggerated the scale of the studios giving them even numbers so that it appeared there were 12 despite only being six.

In 2001 Bernstein circulated " Circuits for integer factorization: a proposal ," which caused a stir as it potentially suggested that if physical hardware implementations could be close to their theoretical efficiency, then perhaps current views about how large numbers have to be before they are impractical to factor might be off by a factor of three.

In 1939, Blitzstein's close friend Leonard Bernstein led a revival of the play at Harvard, narrating from the piano just as Blitzstein had done.

In 1888, Bismarck convinced the Swiss government to expel a number of key members of the German social democratic movement from its country, and so Bernstein moved to London, where he had close contacts with Friedrich Engels and Karl Kautsky.

Nyro was very close to her aunt and uncle, the artists Theresa Bernstein and William Meyerowitz, who helped to support her education and early career.

Steven Jay " Jesse " Bernstein ( December 4, 1950 – October 22, 1991 ) was a Jewish American underground writer and performance artist who is most famous for his recordings with Sub Pop Records and close relationship with William S. Burroughs.

While initially a close supervisor of the acclaimed journalists Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, in later years Sussman became estranged from them.

From 1939 until 1950, he taught music theory at Harvard and conducted its Glee Club, becoming a close associate of Leonard Bernstein, Igor Stravinsky and Aaron Copland.

`` Now that Bruno Walter is virtually in retirement and my dear friend Dimitri Mitropoulos is no longer with us, I am probably the only one -- with the possible exception of Leonard Bernstein -- who has this special affinity for and champions the works of Bruckner and Mahler ''.

* 1962 – Leonard Bernstein causes controversy with his remarks from the podium during a New York Philharmonic concert featuring Glenn Gould performing Brahms ' First Piano Concerto.

Loewe retired to Palm Springs, California while Lerner went through a series of musicals, some successful, some not, with such composers as André Previn ( Coco ), John Barry ( Lolita, My Love ), Leonard Bernstein ( 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue ), Burton Lane ( Carmelina ) and Charles Strouse ( Dance a Little Closer, based on the film, Idiot's Delight, nicknamed Close A Little Faster by Broadway wags because it closed on opening night ).

* 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue ( 1976 ), with Leonard Bernstein

Bennett, Bernstein, Brassard, and Vazirani proved in 1996 that a brute-force key search on a quantum computer cannot be faster than roughly 2 < sup > n / 2 </ sup > invocations of the underlying cryptographic algorithm, compared with roughly 2 < sup > n </ sup > in the classical case.

Among his 69 Ph. D. students in Göttingen were many who later became famous mathematicians, including ( with date of thesis ): Otto Blumenthal ( 1898 ), Felix Bernstein ( 1901 ), Hermann Weyl ( 1908 ), Richard Courant ( 1910 ), Erich Hecke ( 1910 ), Hugo Steinhaus ( 1911 ), and Wilhelm Ackermann ( 1925 ).

The djbdns software package is a DNS implementation created by Daniel J. Bernstein due to his frustrations with repeated BIND security holes.

" The Elephant " from Camille Saint-Saëns ' The Carnival of the Animals is a satirical portrait of the double bass, and American virtuoso Gary Karr made his televised debut playing " The Swan " ( originally written for the cello ) with the New York Philharmonic conducted by Leonard Bernstein.

Meanwhile, play-by-play TV broadcaster Len Kasper was also lost to the Chicago Cubs and replaced by Rich Waltz ( who had previously been with the Seattle Mariners ), and radio announcer John " Boog " Sciambi was replaced by Roxy Bernstein.

According to one theory about how Cocteau was inspired to write La Voix humaine, he was experimenting with an idea by fellow French playwright Henri Bernstein.

Also in the 20th century, American composers like Leonard Bernstein, George Gershwin, Gian Carlo Menotti, Douglas Moore, and Carlisle Floyd began to contribute English-language operas infused with touches of popular musical styles.

Writing in the New York Times in 1990, Richard Bernstein noted " The term ' politically correct ,' with its suggestion of Stalinist orthodoxy, is spoken more with irony and disapproval than with reverence.

The lyrics and music were by Leonard Bernstein, with additional lyrics from other lyricists, including Sondheim.

* By Bernstein ( 1975 )- music and lyrics by Leonard Bernstein, additional lyrics by Betty Comden, Adolph Green, John Latouche, Jerry Leiber, and Stephen Sondheim ; written and conceived by Comden and Green, with Michael Bawtree, Norman L. Berman and the Chelsea Theatre Center.

" Bernstein subsequently left in early 2008, but the struggling network remained on the air with a revamped line-up.

Writer Carl Bernstein has described Foster as " tall, with impeccable manners and a formal mien ... elegant in perfectly tailored suits, and soft-spoken to the point of taciturnity.

West Side Story is an American musical with a book by Arthur Laurents, music by Leonard Bernstein, lyrics by Stephen Sondheim, and conception and choreography by Jerome Robbins.

Bernstein suggested they rework East Side Story and set it in Los Angeles, but Laurents felt he was more familiar with Puerto Ricans and Harlem than he was with Mexican Americans and Olvera Street.

He arrived in Hollywood to choreograph the dance sequences for The King and I, and he and Laurents began developing the musical while working on their respective projects, keeping in touch with Bernstein, who had returned to New York.

Robbins was involved with Bells Are Ringing, then Bernstein with Candide, and in January 1957 A Clearing in the Woods, Laurents ' latest play, opened and quickly closed.

Bernstein, a lifelong advocate of living composers, oversaw the beginning of the Orchestra's largest commissioning project, resulting in the creation of 109 new works for orchestra.

On 19 August 1990, the Boston Symphony Orchestra had the distinction of being the final orchestra to be conducted by the legendary conductor Leonard Bernstein.

Her time with the orchestra continued the programming of American repertoire from Litton's tenure, which she often introduced to the audience from the podium in the style of her mentor Leonard Bernstein.

Besides visiting composers, some legendary conductors have led the orchestra, including Artur Rodziński, Walter Damrosch, Sir Thomas Beecham, John Barbirolli, Andre Kostelanetz, Lorin Maazel, Leonard Bernstein, Guido Cantelli, Victor de Sabata, Dmitri Mitropoulos, Erich Leinsdorf, George Szell, Charles Münch, Paul Paray, Rafael Kubelík, Daniel Barenboim, István Kertész, Karl Richter, Antal Doráti, Leonard Slatkin, Andrew Davis, Nikolaus Harnoncourt, Yevgeny Svetlanov, Simon Rattle, Kurt Masur, Neeme Järvi, Kiril Kondrashin, Eugene Ormandy, Georg Solti, Alex Shkurko, Michael Kamen, Christopher Hogwood and Bruno Walter

Recorded at the Greek Theater in Los Angeles, the performance featured a backing orchestra conducted by Elmer Bernstein.

Leonard Bernstein conducted the orchestra, and also played the piano solos, in Maurice Ravel's Piano Concerto in G and George Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue.

The orchestra recorded widely ( on Columbia, RCA, United Artists and Vanguard ) under leading conductors, including Stokowski, Bernstein, Monteux, Reiner, Bruno Walter, Kondrashin, Beecham, and Josef Krips.

In 1985 the orchestra mounted " Mahler, Vienna and the Twentieth Century ", planned by Abbado, followed the next year by an equally successful Bernstein festival.

In 2006 Daniel Harding joined Michael Tilson Thomas as principal guest, and the following year Davis retired as chief conductor and was appointed president of the orchestra, its first since the death of Bernstein in 1990.

* October 16 – The New York Philharmonic-Symphony Orchestra announces that, at the request of their music director, Dimitri Mitropoulos, they have engaged Leonard Bernstein to share the direction of the orchestra with Mitropoulos for the 1957 – 58 season.

From 1948-52, a series of guest conductors led the orchestra, including Leonard Bernstein and Leopold Stokowski.

* Concerto for Orchestra by Leonard Bernstein ( 1986 – 89 ), which is also known as " Jubilee Games " for orchestra and baritone

Since 1991, the orchestra has performed the works of Beethoven, Bizet, Prokofiev, Lutosławski, Weber, Mendelssohn, Schubert, Bernstein, Wagner, Brahms, Henze and more.

* 1985-Leonard Bernstein West Side Story-a recording of Bernstein's music for the Broadway production West Side Story, with José Carreras singing the part of Tony and Leonard Bernstein himself conducting the orchestra and chorus 415253

In 1967, immediately after the 1967 war, conductor Leonard Bernstein led the orchestra on a tour to the Sinai desert, the site of fighting only days before.

The premiere was given by that orchestra on December 2, 1949, conducted by Leonard Bernstein in Boston.

After his death, William Schuman composed " In Praise of Shahn ", a modern canticle for orchestra, first performed January 29, 1970, by the New York Philharmonic, Leonard Bernstein conducting.

The gala opening featured the UNCSA symphony orchestra, conducted by Leonard Bernstein, with Isaac Stern as soloist and Gregory Peck as the Master of Ceremonies.

Vaughan Williams wrote a Serenade to Music ( for 16 solo voices and orchestra ) that premiered in 1938, while Leonard Bernstein composed his Serenade after Plato's " Symposium " ( for solo violin, strings harp and percussion ) in 1954.

The classical TV series Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra was created by famed world-renowned orchestra conductor Leonard Bernstein, in 1960.

Other celebrated conductors who have led the orchestra include Leonard Bernstein, Igor Stravinsky, Ralph Vaughan Williams, Sir Neville Mariner, and Henry Mancini.

Bernstein scored Mass for a large orchestra and choir, and also included an onstage groups ( street musicians ).

Bernstein divided the orchestra into two parts: the strings, keyboards percussion are in the pit, while the woodwinds, brass, guitars, synthesizers and percussion are onstage.