* Marcus Claudius Marcellus, one of the conspirators of Catiline in 63 BC ; on the discovery of the plot, he attempted to instigate an insurrection amongst the Paeligni, but was defeated by the praetor, Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus, and put to death.

Bibulus and Cato attempted to oppose Caesar in the public votes but were harassed and publicly assaulted by Caesar's retainers.

Caesar ignored this, and set the date upon which the vote was to take place ; on the day of the vote, Bibulus and two of his tribunes mounted the steps of the Temple of Castor and attempted to denounce the bill, upon which the crowd broke his fasces, pushed him to the ground and dumped feces on him.

Bibulus then proceeded to declare that the rest of the days on which the Centuriate Assembly could meet would be religious holidays.

Eventually, Bibulus confined himself to his home and pronounced unfavorable omens in an attempt to lay the legal groundwork for the later repeal of Caesar ’ s consular acts.

Bibulus then spent the remainder of his term sequestered in his house where he claimed he was watching for omens, an act that purported to technically invalidate all legislation passed that year.

Bibulus tried again to block Caesar ’ s five year appointment as governor of the provinces of Cisalpine Gaul and Transalpine Gaul by declaring that no public business could be conducted whilst he observed the sky for omens, but was again rebuffed by Pompey and one of the consul-designates who supported Caesar ’ s appointment.

Married as he was to the daughter of Marcus Porcius Cato Uticencis, another implacable opponent of Caesar, Bibulus was firmly in the camp of the self described boni, politicians who believed that the traditional role of the Senate was being usurped by the Roman assemblies of the people for the benefit of a few power hungry individuals, and thus were against anyone who was determined to use the legislative assemblies to reform the state, of which Julius Caesar was a primary example.

He was then about to justify his actions as consul when the new Tribune of the Plebs, Publius Clodius Pulcher, used his veto to prohibit Bibulus from speaking further.

He argued that it was against natural law to keep a girl of Porcia's youth and beauty from producing children for his allies and impractical for her to overproduce for Bibulus.

The following day, Bibulus entered the Senate where he made a formal complaint about the treatment which he had suffered, and appealed to the Senate to annul the law, but this was not acted upon.

As a result of a law passed by Pompey during his sole consulship, proscribing that governorships could not be held by persons who had served as praetor or consul within five years of leaving office, Bibulus was appointed governor of Syria in 51 BC.

At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Caesar and Bibulus ( or, less frequently, year 695 Ab urbe condita ).

For example, the year we know as 59 BC would have been described as " the consulship of Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus and Gaius Julius Caesar " ( although that specific year was known jocularly as " the consulship of Julius and Caesar " because of the insignificance of Caesar's counterpart ).

His first marriage was to a Calpurnia, possibly the daughter of Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus, and from this first marriage, he had two children: a daughter called Valeria Messalina, who may have been the paternal grandmother of Roman Empress Statilia Messalina, and a son called Marcus Valerius Messalla Messallinus, who was a Roman consul in 3 BC.

As it was winter Bibulus was unprepared and Caesar was able to sail through the blockade easily and form a beachhead at Epirus with the first half of his army.

Bibulus however was able to block Caesar's attempt to sail his ships back to Italy, burning most of them.

Cato refused because the potential match made little sense: Porcia was already married to Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus, who was unwilling to let her go ; and Hortensius, being nearly 60 years old, was almost 30 years senior to Porcia.

Caesar's consular colleague was Marcus Bibulus, the husband of Cato's daughter Porcia.

At a young age she was married first to Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus, her father's political ally.

With him she may have had a son, Lucius Calpurnius Bibulus, although modern historians believe Porcia was too young to have mothered Lucius, and that he was Bibulus ' son by his previous marriage, as he was old enough to fight in the battle of Philippi in 42 BC.

However, Bibulus, who was infatuated with his wife, was unwilling to let her go.

Nonetheless Bibulus refused to divorce her and Cato disliked the idea of marrying his daughter to a man who was four times her age.

Bibulus, whom Pompey had appointed to command his 600-ship fleet, set up a massive blockade to prevent Caesar from crossing to Greece and to prevent any aid to Italy.

Now prepared, Bibulus managed to prevent any further ships from crossing, but died soon afterwards.

* Consuls: Gaius Julius Caesar and Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus ( known as " the consulship of Julius and Caesar " due to Bibulus ' withdrawal from public view to " consult the heavens " in an effort to invalidate Caesar's intended legislation ).

Entering into office, Bibulus began his term as consul by vetoing Caesar ’ s proposed bill to purchase land in order to discharge and settle Pompey's soldiers who had returned from the east some years previously.

After this in March 59, Bibulus stopped attending the meetings of the Senate, leaving Caesar with complete control over the consulship, although he occasionally issued complaints against Caesar and Pompey, which led to attacks on his house from Caesar and Pompey's supporters.

Finally, at the end of the year, Bibulus emerged from his self-enforced retirement.

Bibulus then proceeded to blockade all the harbors along the coast, hoping to prevent any further crossings from Italy, and leaving Caesar stranded in Epirus.

On the passage to Italy, most of the ships were captured by Bibulus and Calenus himself escaped with difficulty.

In addition Pompey's fleet, commanded by Caesar's former junior consul Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus, lay between Caesar and Greece.

Getting up, Bibulus uncovered his neck and shouted to the crowd to kill him, but was persuaded by his fellow senators to leave and regroup at a nearby temple, as the assembly proceeded to pass the bill.

For the rest of the year, supporters of the First Triumvirate mocked Bibulus by declaring that the two consuls were really " Julius and Caesar "; Bibulus returned the insult by referring to the his co-consul as the " Queen of Bithynia ," an allusion to Caesar's alleged love affair with the king of Bithynia.

However, in August, Bibulus, alongside one of the consular candidates for 58, Lucius Cornelius Lentulus, were accused by Lucius Vettius of being involved in a plot to assassinate Pompey.

Bibulus responded by declaring that he had warned Pompey of the possibility of an assassination attempt on May 13.

He offended the army there by claiming the victory won by Gaius Cassius Longinus over the Parthians at Antioch, for which the Senate granted Bibulus a thanksgiving of twenty days.

With the Parthian threat still present, Bibulus sent two of his sons to Egypt in 50 BC to demand the recall of the Roman soldiers who had settled there, but were killed by the soldiers who refused to march.

Letting his guard down because winter was approaching and assuming that Caesar would not cross any time soon, Bibulus was caught by surprise when on the evening of November 6, 49 BC, Caesar and his fleet successfully crossed the Adriatic, landing at Palaeste.

He then managed to prevent any further ships crossing to reinforce Caesar, but only succeeded in capturing one transport, which was charted by some private individuals and had refused to obey Bibulus ’ s orders.

During his term in office, Bibulus was called upon to suppress supporters of Catiline ’ s rebellion among the Paeligni.