With the French Revolution ( 1789 ) and Napoleon Bonaparte's deceiving L ' Overture ( despite his full cooperation with the French, beginning with the Jacobian, Robespierre, and anti-slavery minded French a few years earlier ), the French Colonist regime was then forced into exile with most being shipped first to Cuba.

Masséna remained one of Bonaparte's most important subordinates throughout the extraordinary 1796-7 campaign in Italy.

Venezuela was nearer Spain than most colonies so it was the first to hear of Joseph Bonaparte's takeover of Spain and it found the trade restrictions the most irksome.

At Bonaparte's invitation he joined the expedition to Egypt as part of the arts and literature section of the Institut d ' Égypte, and thus found the opportunity of gathering the materials for his most important literary and artistic work.

The school of Corvey declined after the fifteenth century, but the abbey itself, most of its feudal lands separated from it, continued until 1803, when it was secularized under Napoleonic administration and became briefly part of the Principality of Nassau-Orange-Fulda, then went to Jérôme Bonaparte's Kingdom of Westphalia ( 1807 ), then to Prussia ( 1815 ); the Landgrave of Hesse-Rotenburg rebuilt the abbey buildings as a Schloss ( palace ) which has descended to the Victor I, Duke of Ratibor.

Steibelt had just published one of his most accomplished sonatas, which he had dedicated to Bonaparte's wife, Josephine.

The motives for Bonaparte's appointment were most likely political.

Bonaparte's campaign, therefore, was undoubtedly the most important in bringing an end to the War of the First Coalition.

A concern of Bonaparte's was the possibility of arbitrary arrest, or excessive remand ( imprisonment prior to a trial ).

Louis Bonaparte's reign of the Netherlands was short-lived, however, which was due to two factors.

As Bonaparte's fleet crossed the Mediterranean, it was pursued by a British force under Nelson, sent from the British fleet in the Tagus, to establish the purpose of the French expedition and defeat it.

Bonaparte's army was trapped in Egypt, and Royal Navy dominance off the Syrian coast contributed significantly to its defeat at the Siege of Acre in 1799, which preceded Bonaparte's return to Europe.

The French Directory agreed with Bonaparte's plans, although a major factor in their decision was a desire to see the politically ambitious Bonaparte and the fiercely loyal veterans of his Italian campaigns as far from France as possible.

David's student Antoine-Jean Gros for example, was made a Baron and honored by Napoleon Bonaparte's court.

Rossini's father was sympathetic to the French Revolution and welcomed Napoleon Bonaparte's troops when they arrived in northern Italy.

Lord Palmerston, who at the time of Louis Bonaparte's 2 December 1851 coup was serving as the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs in the Whig government of Prime Minister Lord John Russell.

This policy was summed up in Bonaparte's often-quoted phrase " La carrière ouverte aux talents ", careers open to the talented, or as more freely translated by Thomas Carlyle, " the tools to him that can handle them ".

Oscar's mother was Désirée Clary, Napoleon Bonaparte's first fiancée.

In 1807 Portugal refused Napoleon Bonaparte's demand to accede to the Continental System of embargo against the United Kingdom ; a French invasion under General Junot followed, and Lisbon was captured on 8 December 1807.

Engels characterized the coup as " comical " and referred to it as occurring on " the 18th Brumaire "-- the date of the coup according to the 1799 republican calendar of France under Napoleon I. Marx was later to incorporate this comically ironic characterization of Louis Bonaparte's coup into his book about the coup.

Louis Bonaparte's early career was spent in the Army, and he served with Napoleon in Egypt.

Became Prince Royal of Holland on his brother's death, and was King Lodewijk II for five days between his father's abdication and the fall of Holland to Napoleon Bonaparte's invading army.

Louis XVIII was not particularly worried by Bonaparte's excursion, as such small numbers of troops could be easily overcome.

Baroness Jenny von Gustedt, born as Jeromée Catharina Rabe von Pappenheim ( 1811 – 1890 ), one of Jérôme Bonaparte's illegitimate children, was the grandmother of the German Socialist and Feminist writer Lily Braun.

She was Jérôme Bonaparte's second wife, married on 22 August 1807 in the Royal Palace at Fontainebleau, France.

After Bonaparte's death the house was later owned by bootleggers Peter and Michael Kelly.

As president of the Council of Five Hundred — which he removed to the suburban security of Saint-Cloud — Lucien Bonaparte's combination of bravado and disinformation was crucial to the coup d ' état of 18 Brumaire ( date based on the French Revolutionary Calendar ) in which General Bonaparte overthrew the government of the Directory to replace it by the Consulate.

Still Bonaparte's growing popularity in France meant that the bill of impeachment was defeated on 12 June 1849.

Prince Eugène was adopted by Napoleon on 12 January 1806 ; while excluded from the French empire's succession, he was given presumptive rights for him and his descendants in the male line to the throne of Italy in the absence of a second son of Napoleon on 16 February 1806, and hence on 20 December 1807 given the title of Prince de Venise (' Prince of Venice '), which had been instituted by article 9 of the decree of 30 March 1806 ( when the former Austrian province of Venice was united to Bonaparte's kingdom of Italy ) for the Heir Presumptive to Napoleon in Italy.

Following Napoleon Bonaparte's victories over the Austrian Empire in Northern Italy – helping to secure France victory in the War of the First Coalition in 1797 – Great Britain remained the only major European power still at war with the French Republic.

* 1800 – War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Hohenlinden, French General Moreau defeats the Austrian Archduke John near Munich decisively, coupled with First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte's victory at Marengo effectively forcing the Austrians to sign an armistice and ending the war.

Prussia lost the territory following Napoleon Bonaparte's victory in the War of the Fourth Coalition as the resultant 1807 Treaties of Tilsit awarded the area to the Russian Empire which then organized the region into the Belostok Oblast, with the city as the regional center.

Napoleon Bonaparte's brother Jérôme visited with his bride in the early 19th century.

The first use of the ambulance as a specialized vehicle, in battle came about with the ambulances volantes designed by Dominique Jean Larrey ( 1766 – 1842 ), Napoleon Bonaparte's chief physician.

Henry Aston's relationship with Bonaparte continued following Bonaparte's exile to Elba, where Henry Aston visited the former emperor.

This crushing victory, coupled with First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte's victory at the Battle of Marengo on 14 June 1800, ended the War of the Second Coalition.

In establishing the Army of the Reserve in France, Bonaparte's first move was to overhaul the supply system to provide the troops with regular food and decent uniforms.

After Bonaparte's fall, Marengo County, Alabama, first settled by Napoleonic refugees with their Vine and Olive Colony, was named in honour of this battle.

Alvinczi's plan was to overwhelm Barthélemy Joubert in the mountains east of Lake Garda with the concentration 28, 000 men in five separate columns, and thereby gain access to the open country north of Mantua where Austrian superior numbers would be able to defeat Bonaparte's smaller Army of Italy.

Bonaparte's success gave to the Directory an unprecedented stability, and when, in the summer of 1797, the royalist and surviving Girondist opposition again met the government with resistance, Bonaparte sent General Augereau, a Jacobin, to repress their movement in the Coup of 18 Fructidor ( 4 September 1797 ).

In the spring campaign of 1797 ( invasion of Austria ) he commanded the detached left wing of Bonaparte's army in the Tyrol with great distinction, fighting his way through the mountains to rejoin his chief in Styria.

Leclerc set off from Brest in December 1801 and landed at Cap-Français in February 1802, with other warships and a total of 40, 000 troops, publicly repeating Bonaparte's promise that " all of the people of Saint-Domingue are French " and forever free.

The endless conspiracies against Bonaparte's life began to raise concerns that the Republic would collapse shortly following his death, followed by either the Bourbons restored, a military dictatorship, or the Jacobins with their guillotine.

The Napoleonic era begins roughly with Napoleon Bonaparte's coup d ' état, overthrowing the Directory, establishing the French Consulate, and ends during the Hundred Days and his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo ( 9 November 1799 – 28 June 1815 ).

During the Hundred Days, he defended Napoleon Bonaparte's constitutional schemes or promises, and had an audience with the emperor himself, which is one of the main events of a not very eventful life.

He fought in all of Bonaparte's battles of 1796 with great distinction.

He took the lead in the national church councils of 1797 and 1801 ; but he was strenuously opposed to Napoleon Bonaparte's policy of reconciliation with the Holy See, and after the signature of the concordat he resigned his bishopric on 8 October 1801.

The acquaintance ripened into intimacy ; Marmont became General Bonaparte's aide-de-camp, remained with him during his disgrace and accompanied him to Italy and Egypt, winning distinction and promotion to general of brigade.